2019中考英语语法专题：阅读理解技巧（知识讲解）（含答案）.pdf

1、阅读理解技巧阅读理解技巧 【真题再现】【真题再现】 阅读理解阅读理解 Most students have biology classes in the classrooms or the labs in China. But several days ago，I had a biology class outside in my American school. My biology teacher, Mr. Kwak, divided us into three groups and asked us to play a game about natural selection(选择) a

2、nd how birds find food. He gave the first group one spoon per person. The second group forks and my group “knives“. I thought we were going hunting, so knives might work better. Surprisingly, he told us to pick up the beans on the grass with our tools. When the game started all of us ran to the gras

3、s area. We squatted(蹲) down and looked for beans. It was hard to pick up something that small, especially from the grass. When I almost lifted a bean, it dropped back to the ground. When I finally picked up several beans, one of my friends ran into me. I couldnt keep my balance and fell over.All my

4、beans dropped to the ground! Just at that moment，Mr. Kwak called us back. I had to leave the game and of course I got a bad result. I couldnt help thinking that if I were a bird living on Galapagos Island，I would be dead soon. The fun game made me realize that natural selection is really competitive

5、(竞争的). Everyone is trying his or her best to survive. 1. What did the writers group use to pick up the beans? A. Spoons.B. Forks.C. Knives.D. Hands. 2. How many beans did the writer get at last? A. None.B. One.C. Several.D. Many. 3. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The writer did a good job in the

6、 biology class. B. The writer had a biology class outside their schoo1. C. The writer found that picking up the beans from the grass was hard. D. The writer didnt find enough food for the birds on Galapagos Island. 4. Whats the meaning of the underlined word “survivein the last paragraph? A. Find fo

7、od.B. Remain alive.C. Be lovely.D. Keep balanced. 5. What was the aim of Mr. Kwaks class? A. To play an interesting game.B. To pick up the beans. C. To know different kinds of birds.D. To learn natural selection. 根据短文内容判断正误。(注意：正确的涂“A”，错误的涂“B”) Long ago, there was a queen who lived in a palaceShe fe

8、lt bored and said to her advisor(顾问)， “All the things around me are too boring I need a different kind of beauty Let everyone know that I will hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the worldAnd the prize will be this crown (王冠).” Several days later, lots of people came to the competitio

9、n and showed their thingsThe queen was not satisfied with what she sawThe advisor suggested，“What you are looking for cannot be brought to youYou must look for it by yourselfWhat about a journey?” The queen was interested in the idea, so she started immediatelyAs she was on top of the hill near her

10、palace, she looked down and suddenly something cried in her heart“Why have I never found my palace so beautiful?” The queen spent one year travellingShe saw beauty on the farm, in the forest and even in the stars twinkling( 闪 烁 ) at night on her journey But what was the most beautiful thing? She tho

11、ught it overSuddenly，she understood beauty was everywhereShe should learn to enjoy the worldShe left the pieces of her crown at different places that she had seenAs time went by, the queens crown got smaller and smaller until nothing was left. She found the most beautiful thing at lastIt was the wor

12、ld! 1The queen wanted to hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the world. 2Lots of people came to the competition and brought the things that made the queen satisfied. 3On top of the hill near her palace, the queen suddenly found her palace so beautiful. 4The queen saw beauty on the far

13、m, in the river and even in the night sky on her journey. 5The passage tells us that beauty is everywhere if we learn to enjoy the world. 【答案与解析】【答案与解析】 1. C。本题意思是：作者一组用什么捡豆子？由第三段的第二句话The second group forks and my group “knives”. 可知答案选C。 2. A。由倒数第二段的第三句话I couldnt keep my balance and fell over. All m

14、y beans dropped to the ground! 我不能保持平衡，摔倒了。所有的豆子都掉到了地上！可知答案选A。作者这一组最后 一个豆子也没有得到。 3. C。由第四段的最后一句话It was hard to pick up something that small，especially from the grass.可 知答案选C，从草丛中捡起小豆子真实太难了。 4. B。由最后一段可知， 游戏的乐趣，使我认识到，自然选择是真正的竞争。每个人都尽力让自 己最好的生存。 A. Find food.“找到食物”， B. Remain alive.“保持活着 （的状态） ”； C. B

15、e lovely. “可 爱”，D. Keep balanced. “保持平衡”，故答案选B。 5. D。由文中最后一段的倒数第二句话The fun game made me realize that natural selection is really competitive(竞争的)，可知Kwak先生这堂课的目的是：学习自然选择。所以答案选D。 1. A。由第一段第四句“Let everyone know that I will hold a competition for the most beautiful thing in the world.”可知，女王想举办一场寻找世界上最美丽

16、的东西的比赛。该题干表述正确。故 写 A。 2. B。由第二段第二句“The queen was not satisfied with what she saw.”可知，女王对人们带来的 东西不满意。故该题干的表述“很多人来参加比赛，带来了让女王满意的东西”是错误的。故写 B。 3. A。由第三段第三句“Why have I never found my palace so beautiful?”可知，当女王站在宫 殿附近的山顶时，她突然发现她的宫殿是如此漂亮。该题干表述正确。故写 A。 4. B。由第四段第二句“She saw beauty on the farm，in the forest

17、.”可知，女王从农场、森林和 夜晚闪烁的星星中看到了美。因此，该题干的表述“女王从农场、江河和夜空中看到了美”错误。 故写 B。 5.A。通读全文可知，如果我们学会欣赏世界，美无处不在。该题干表述正确。故写 A。 考试要求考试要求 1. 考查学生理解短文的主旨和主题要义能力； 2. 理解短文具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）的能力； 3. 根据短文上下情景猜测单词的能力； 4. 根据短文的内容判断和推理能力； 5. 理解作者的意图和态度的能力。 纵观全国各地中考试卷，中考阅读理解考试题的比例在整个试卷占了很大的比例，阅读理解的成 绩直接决定学生能否在中考中取得优秀成绩。中考阅读短文的题材除了选一些

18、通俗易懂的文学 作品和故事体裁的小短文，还经常选用一些富有时代鲜明特征、实用性比较强的语言材料。例 如：报刊杂志的文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告和各种各类图表。选择这些材料不仅能够 提高测试的真实性，还能展示目标语言在现实生活中的真实运用来激发学生学习英语的兴趣。 1. 阅读理解的题型：阅读理解的题型： 近几年中考试卷的阅读理解测试题主要有选择型测试题、判断正误型测试题和任务型测试题三种 形式。根据阅读理解的题干部分可以分为以下几种测试题型： （1）理解主旨大意题： 考查学生对于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的领会、理解和概括能力。我们可以通过“略读 skimming”来获取文章或者段落的主题和主

19、旨大意。在略读时要注意寻找主题句（topic sentence） 以帮助理解文章的主题和了解文章的大意。有一些同学可能认为没有仔细阅读文章的细节而感 觉不太放心，其实没有必要担心，因为我们了解的文章的大意以后，然后对文章做仔细阅读， 比较难的短文理解起来就容易多了。 略读时应该注意：主题句一般是短文第一个句子或者最后一个句子，偶尔位于段落的中间；每一 段的主题句一般也是在每段的第一、二个句子或者最后一个句子。其次作者提供其写作意图， 如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、讨论问题、说服某人、提出建议或者对两种观点或 者事件进行比较。而其他的句子是对主题句的进一步发展及说明性的例子，有时是为主题

20、句提 供时间、地点或者原因等背景。 主旨大意题常见的设问方式如下： 1) Whats the main idea of this passage? 2) What does the passage mainly tell us? 3) The writer means to tell us that _. 4) From the passage, we can learn/ conclude _. 5) Whats the best title for the passage? （2）具体细节理解题: 考查对事实或者细节的理解和辨别， 即考查短文中直接或间接提到的具体信息的细节及线索。 对于这

21、种阅读理解题，需要仔细比较所给的四个选项，找出语言表达差别的关键词来重点思考。 做这种考试题我们一般用“扫读 Scanning”来从短文中寻找答案。 扫读是有目的地在短文中为寻找 某一个具体的信息或者细节而进行的搜索性阅读。特别是寻找人名、地名、时间或者某一个关键 词。找到这个关键词时要进行局部地细心地阅读，以保证所寻找的答案在此处。为了保证扫读的 有效性，在扫读之前必须认真审题，因为审题的过程就是明确阅读目的的过程。一般来说，这种 阅读理解测试题的答案是比较好找的。只要同学们仔细阅读，认真比较，把握准确的信息，是容 易找到准确答案的。 （3） 根据上下文猜测词义题： 这种阅读理解测试题是对短

22、文中某一个句子中的某一个超纲的单词或者短语画线，让考生猜 其汉语意思或者英语解释意义。短文中出现的超纲词或者短语要求学生在读懂短文的内容， 理解短文的大概意思的基础上并且根据短文上下文的意思和情景进行猜测和推断。一般来说这 些词汇是比较难或者是同学们没有学过的。如果同学们的词汇量比较大，那么解决这种阅读理 解测试题就有很大的优势。但是如果能够理解短文的内容和意思，通过上下句子和情景进行合 理的猜测，其正确率还是比较高的。 猜测单词的一些方法： 1）首先要保持冷静，迅速判断。如果是对上下文理解影响不大的词，就不要停留，继续读下去。 如果是影响理解的词，尤其是划线的词，就要运用猜测单词的技巧来猜测

23、单词的意思。 2）如果是 but 连接前后两个句子，那么其意思是表示转折，后面句子的画线单词表示的意思可能 和前面的句子的意思是相反的。 3）如果是 and 连接前后两个句子，那么后面句子的画线单词的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。 4）注意下文，有时后面的句子或在下文中可能解释这个单词的意义。 5）有时即使猜测不出来单词的具体意思也不要紧，只需要了解这个单词是表示积极的还是消极的 意思。通过辨认这个单词的位置来确定它是动词、形容词还是副词，然后从选项中选择。 实例说明：实例说明： The Sydney Opera House is a very famous building in the w

24、orld. It has become Sydneys best-known landmark and international symbol. The Opera House with a “sailing roof” was designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师), Utzon. The base for the building was started in 1959, years before the designs were finished. Utzon spent four years designing the Opera H

25、ouse. In 1962, the designs were finalized(定稿) and the construction began. In 1967, they started the decoration inside. It took 14 years in total to build the Opera House. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened it on October 20th, 1973. The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 million and was paid for by

26、 the public. 6,225 square meters of glass was used to build it. The Opera House includes 1,000 rooms. It is 185 meters long and 120 meters wide. The buildings roof sections weigh about 15 tons. Each year, this fantastic building attracts 200,000 tourists to come for a visit or enjoy events in it. Th

27、e Opera House reaches out into the harbour(港湾). It is amazing and unforgettable, offering people a strong sense of beauty. 1. The designer of the Sydney Opera House was from_. A.AmericaB. AustraliaC. EnglandD. Denmark 2. Building the Sydney Opera House lasted_. A. from 1959 to 1973B. from 1962 to 19

28、73 C. from 1959 to 1967D. from 1962 to 1967 3. The underlined word “construction“ means_ in Chinese. A. 创立B.设计C. 施工D. 竣工 4. _ paid for the cost of the building of the Sydney Opera House. A. UtzonB. The public C. Queen Elizabeth IID. The government 5. Which is the best title for the passage? A. Saili

29、ng RoofB. Travelling in Sydney C. The Sydney Opera HouseD. The Opening of the Opera House 【解析】【解析】 1D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The Opera House with a sailing roofwas designed by a famous Danish architect(丹麦建筑师), Utzon”可知，悉尼歌剧院是一个丹麦的建筑师设计的。所以，悉尼歌 剧院的设计得来自丹麦。故选 D。 2A。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The base for the building was s

30、tarted in 1959”以及“It took 14 years in total to build the Opera HouseOctober 20th, 1973.”可知， 悉尼歌剧院的建设从 1959 年持续 到 1973 年。故选 A。 3C。词义猜测题。根据上文可知，设计已经定稿，因此下一步必然是施工，由此“construction” 在此处具有“施工”的含义。故选 C。 4 B。 细节理解题。 根据第二段中的“The Sydney Opera House cost around 100 million and was paid for by the public.”可知，悉尼

31、歌剧院的建设费用完全来自于公共开支。 5D。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了悉尼歌剧院的设计、规模等，都是围绕悉尼歌剧院而写的。 因此“The Sydney Opera House”是最好的标题。 （4） 简单的推理判断题： 考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的 句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应 该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验，根据字面意思和句子的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的 暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创 造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章

32、提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知的知识来推断 未知的知识，不能凭空想象、随意推测；它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推 理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基础。 判断推理题常见的设问方式： 1) It can be inferred /concluded that . 2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? 3 The writer suggests that . 4 The writer probably feels that . 5

33、 From the passage, we can see . 实例说明：实例说明： Take a class at Dulangkou School, and youll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so theyre facing each other. How can they see the blackboard? There

34、are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom! The school calls the new way of learning “Tuantuanzuo”, meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, a Junior teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate. Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play di

35、fferent roles (角色). There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a “study leader” who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework.And there is a discipline (纪律) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class. Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to

36、 deal with so many things was tiring. “I just looked after my own business before,” said Wang. “But now I have to think about my five group members.” But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好处) now. “I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You

37、could even call me an excellent speaker today.” Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80. “I rarely （很少） asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. T

38、hey are really helpful.” We can tell from the story that some students _ this new way of learning. A. get benefits fromB. are tired ofC. cannot get used toD. hate 【解析】 ： A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种 新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择 A。 2. 阅读理解的解题技巧： （1）事实细节题的方法和技巧： 1）详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。

39、作者为文， 有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开 故事；论述题则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。可根据文章的 特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表 法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。 2）抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，把握了文章的脉络后，相 对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。 3）学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的 关键细节。 4） 注意引出细节的信息词， 如： for

40、example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides 等。 （2）推理判断题的方法和技巧： 阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题， 这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示， 抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简 单推理和复杂推理。 1）简单推理 所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比 较直接，只要弄清事实

41、，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。 2）复杂推理 复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻 辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。 下面是几种复杂的推理方法： 推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有： The purpose in writing this text is to. The author in this passage intends to. 推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料 的安排。 推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有: It can

42、 be inferred from the passage that. From the passage we can conclude that. 这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推 测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。 3）推断文章的出处，设题形式有: The passage is most likely to be taken from. The passage is most likely a part of. 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处： 报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称； 广告：因其格式和

43、语言特殊，容易辨认； 产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、 次数、药量等。 （3）单词猜测词义的方法和技巧： 1） 根据上下文猜测词意 2）根据构词法猜测词意 在阅读文章时，总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解 又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便 不难解决了。例如： 前缀 un-表反义词，如 happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant 等。 后缀- ment 表名词，如 develop、development，

44、state、statement，argue、argument 等。 后缀-er、 -or 或-ist 表同源名词， 如 calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist 等。 3） 通过因果关系猜词。 首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系， 然后猜词。 有时文章借助关联词(如 because， as， since， for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore 等等)表示前因后果。 4）通过句法功能来推测词义。

45、例如： Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难 看出 pineapples，coconuts 和 bananas，oranges 是同类关系，同属 fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果， 准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 5）通过描述猜词。 描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征 的描写。例如： The

46、penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 从例句的描述中可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活 习性。 （4）主旨大意题的方法和技巧： 在做主旨大意题时,不管是哪一种题型,关键的一步是要找出主题句或和主题有关的关键词, 从而把握文章的主旨(main idea)。 1）议论、说

47、明体裁的文章 在议论文和说明文中,文章的主题通常出现在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是给出作者的观 点或引出将要介绍的事物,而末段的作用通常是总结全文、重申论点。 例如： Our neighborhood has really changed. When I last visited there, about half of the houses had been torn down (拆除)to make way for a highway. The rest of the buildings were covered with billboards (宣 传板)and surrounded

48、by traffic signs and garbage. Now the whole neighborhood has become dirty, noisy and full of cars. 【分析】 本段第一句话的概括性最强,指出环境发生了巨大变化。其他几句话分别具体说明都发生了哪 些变化,以及现在的样子。因此,第一句为本段的主题句。 2）记叙体裁的文章 记叙文通常按时间先后或事情发展的顺序来叙述。寻找这类文章的主题时也要特别留意首段 和末段,因为作者有时会在叙述事件之前或之后流露出自己对它的看法和情感,而这正是解题的关 键。还有些情况下,文中没有明确的主题句,即主题隐含在行文之中。必

49、须根据文章中所提供的事实 细节进行全面考虑,综合分析。这时要注意表示时间和顺序的词语,以把握事情发展的脉络。还要特 别留意那些概括情节和中心的动词,或者反映人物特点的形容词等,这样才能猜测出作者在用词、 语 气之中流露出的隐含信息。 例如： Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia (栀子花) was delivered to my house. No card ever came with it. Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to find out the senders name and was just pleased with the beautiful white flower, in soft pink paper. I never stopped imagining (想