石油和天然气管线用钢课件.ppt
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- 石油 天然气 管线 课件
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1、 石油和天然气管线用钢石油和天然气管线用钢3.3.管线钢现状和发展管线钢现状和发展(1)(1)管线钢的生产技术装备管线钢的生产技术装备(2)(2)针状铁素体管线钢针状铁素体管线钢(3)(3)X65 X65 强度级高性能管线钢强度级高性能管线钢(4)(4)X70 X70 强度级高性能管线钢强度级高性能管线钢(5)(5)应变设计与抗变形管线钢管应变设计与抗变形管线钢管(6)(6)X80X80 强度级高性能管线钢强度级高性能管线钢(7)(7)X 100 X 100 强度级高性能管线钢强度级高性能管线钢(8)(8)输气管线的延性断裂输气管线的延性断裂 高压高压 输气管线的延性断裂问题输气管线的延性断裂
2、问题 高压输送天然气管线与输油管线的最大区别在脆性断裂和延性断裂的扩展特点。原油的减压速度为2,000 m/s 左右,管线一旦发生断裂,内压立即降低,断裂就停止了。而输气管线对天然气的压缩比大,而天然气的减压速度小为400 m/s 左右,在管壁发展快速断裂时,管道的断裂非常容易长距离传播。以前认为,以 500 1000m/s 快速传播的脆性断裂容易长距离传播。但是从1960年代末期发现,在以60 350m/s 慢速发展延性断裂的输气管道在某种特定的条件下,延性断裂也有可能快速发展到250 390 米的长距离。一般地说,所输送的气体内含越多,例如,二氧化碳、富气,管道的管径越大,管线钢级越高,就
3、越容易发展延性断裂。因为高压输送天然气管线一旦发生事故,往往就是不堪设想的重大事故。所以,对延性断裂的研究一直是国际管道工程界的热门话题。对断裂止裂 断裂发展速度 85%Crack speed Gas decompression velocityCrack velocityGas decompression Criteria for Running Shear Fracture:Battelle Two Curve MethodSafeUnsafeCv(1)Cv(2)Charpy energy(1)(2)Gas decompression curveMaterial resistance cu
4、rve为了弄清楚延性断裂的特点,日本高强度管线(HLP)委员会在l978-l983年之间进行了七次全尺寸爆破实验,其中五次在日本的Kamaishi(釜石),两次在英国BGC天然气公司的试验场(现在的Avantica)。试验所用的管道为X70,管径l2l9mm,壁厚l8.3mm。其中A.B系列是在釜石做的用压缩空气做介质,采用的压力为ll.6MPa,即规定最小屈服强度(SMYS)的80%。两次C系列是在英国BGC公司的试验场做的,用天然气做介质,成份为Cl采用的压力为ll.6Mpa,即规定最小屈服强度(SMYS)的80%;成份为C2,采用的压力为l0.4MPa,即规定最小屈服强度(SMYS)的7
5、2%。对比B和C系列的止裂数据结果可知,管体压力的差别和气体成份的差别导致对止裂韧性的要求差别明显。Full Scale Burst Tests by HLP Committeel Kamaishi Testl BGC Test Fig.Pipe arrangementsarrest!propagate!arrest!propagate!Pipe grade:X70Pipe size:48”OD x 18.3mmWTGas:AirPressure:11.6MPa(0.80SMYS)Only pipe arrangement changedPipe grade:X70Pipe size:48”O
6、D x 18.3mmWTGas:Natural gasPressure:(C1)11.6MPa(0.80SMYS)(C2)10.4MPa(0.72SMYS)Arrest toughness depends on Pipe arrangements Pressurized medium and pressurering offgirth weld fractureHLP从这些试验结果中,得出了计算机模似预测延性断裂扩展速度和止裂的方法,如图所示。这是在材料的止裂性能曲线(J曲线)和气体减压曲线之间的关系得到的。在瞬间,(例如,l/l0000秒),裂纹扩展端的压力保持不变,裂纹以与压力相对应的速度
7、扩展。极小的裂纹扩展诱发随时间进展的减压,导致低的减压速度等。如果J曲线和气体减压曲线确定下来,裂纹扩展和长度就可以用计算机摸似出来。模拟计算的结果同试验结果相印证,基本是一致的。求解微分方程,设定L和T两个变量,展开设定计算模型。HLP Simulation Methods1.Crack velocity is controlled by crack tip pressure2.Crack extension during D DT3.Pressure decrease by crack extensionPressureP0PaPmCrack velocity(Vc)orGas decom
8、pression velocity(Vm)Gas decompression curve P(Vm)Material resistance curveP(Vc)Initial pressureD DTD DTFlow chart of the simulation model Set initial value for crack length and time Set the mean crack velocity to the gas decompression velocity VmCalculte the crack tip pressure PCalculte instantaneo
9、us crack speed Vcif Vc=0 then stop as crack has arrested Calculate the crack velocity changeCalculate the increment of crack extension Simulate the crack propagation in short time differentialTTTLLLTdTdVTVLVVTdPdVdPdVdTdVdPdVdPdVPVVPTLVTTLLTLvaluesInitialccmcmcCCmcmmDDDDD,20000211/)()(/Material Resi
10、stance Curve1,0.6700.393(4)/flowcappPVwhereandPDA712/3.81 100.382cosexp(5)ppaflowflowDAtPDDt01002003004005000100200300400500Vc estimated(m/sec)Vc experimental(m/sec):Kamaishi tests:C1 and C2 tests1:1Comparison between experimental and estimated crack velocities0.5441.53.29(6)pvDtCVc:crack velocity(m
11、/s),flow:flow stress(=(YS+TS)/2)(MPa)Pc:crack arrest pressure(MPa),D:pipe diameter(mm)t:wall thickness(mm),Dp:pre-cracked DWTT energy(J)Ap:ligament area of DWTT specimen(mm)Based on Battelles formula Relation between p-DWTT energy and Charpy energymaterial resistanceevaluated by experimental dataCv:
12、Charpy absorbed energy(J)两次试验都是以开预 裂 纹(疲 劳)DWTT能量为韧性计算值同釜石和BP试验标定值吻合得很好。再用DWTT能量同CVN之间的关系转算所需夏比氏冲击。Vc-材料阻力曲线M/s,Pc-止裂压力推算Ligament-韧带,剪切带面积。Calculation of Propagation Distance250J200J180J160JCvInput dataX8048”OD x 25mmWTGas:Rich gas 0.80SMYSCharpy energy:160250JGas decomp.curveMat.resistance curvesVe
13、rification of The Simulation Model(1)(CIP)(N1)(N2)(N3)L0=5.01mT0=Texp=16.1msec0100200300400500(S1)(S2)Test A1(S3)L0=5.01mT0=Texp=15.4msec0100200300400(S1)(S2)Test A2(S3)L0=5.03mT0=Texp=17.0msec(CIP)(N1)(N2)(N3)L0=5.03mT0=Texp=16.7msec0100200300400Crack velocity(m/sec)(S1)(S2)Test A3(S3)L0=5.00mT0=Te
14、xp=15.9msec(CIP)(N1)(N2)(N3)L0=5.00mT0=Texp=16.6msec0100200300400(S1)(S2)Test B1(S3)L0=8.06mT0=Texp=30.1msec(CIP)(N1)(N2)(N3)L0=8.07mT0=Texp=34.1msec01020300100200300400(S1)(S2)Test B2(S3)Propagating distance(m)L0=8.03mT0=Texp=37.0msec0102030(CIP)(N1)(N2)(N3)Propagating distance(m)L0=8.00mT0=Texp=32
15、.8msecl Kamaishi TestPipe grade:X70Pipe size:48”OD x 18.3mmWTGas:AirPressure:11.6MPa(0.80SMYS)Verification of The Simulation Model(2)l BGC TestPipe grade:X70Pipe size:48”OD x 18.3mmWTGas:Natural gas(N1)208J4520J(N2)206J4350J(N3)324J6030J CIP 203J3990J(S1)244J4880J(S2)260J4590J(S3)341J5430JPropagatio
16、n distance:32.5m31.6m(a)Test resultgirth weld ruptureCvDp01020300200400600Propagating distance(m)Crack vel.(m/sec)Simulated resultsreal line:Dp,dashed line:Cv01020300200400600Crack vel.(m/sec)Propagating distance(m)Pipe:X70,48OD,18.3mmWT Backfill depth:1.37mTest condition:-5,11.6MPa(0.80SMYS),C1 gas
17、(b)Simulated resultL0=48inchesT0=L0/Va(N1)232J3850J(N2)237J4740J(N3)261J -CIP 186J5180J(S1)338J6140J(S2)298J -(S3)335J -Propagation distance:10.4m21.6m(a)Test resultCvDp01020300200400600Propagating distance(m)Crack vel.(m/sec)Simulated resultsreal line:Dp,dashed line:Cv01020300200400600Crack vel.(m/
18、sec)Propagating distance(m)Pipe:X70,48OD,18.3mmWT Backfill depth:1.37mTest condition:-5,10.4MPa(0.72SMYS),C2 gas(b)Simulated resultL0=48inchesT0=L0/VaComparison between burst test result and simulated result-1(HLP-C1 test)Comparison between burst test result and simulated result-2(HLP-C2 test)Pressu
19、re:(C1)11.6MPa(0.80SMYS)(C2)10.4MPa(0.72SMYS)Verification of The Simulation Model(3)Comparison between burst test result and simulated result (CSM/SNAM/ILVA-X80 test)133J270J282J 88J144J230J285JPropagation distance:26m30m(a)Test resultEASTWESTCv01020300200400600Propagating distance(m)Crack vel.(m/se
20、c)real line:mean YS/TSdashed line:SMYS/SMTS01020300200400600Crack vel.(m/sec)Propagating distance(m)Pipe:X80,56OD,26mmWT Backfill depth:1.0mTest condition:+15,16.1MPa(0.80SMYS),Air(b)Simulated resultL0=56inchesT0=L0/Va259J253J274J165J202J252J297JPropagation distance:27m10m(a)Test resultEASTWEST01020
21、300200400600Propagating distance(m)Crack vel.(m/sec)35mSimulated crack length:01020300200400600Crack vel.(m/sec)Propagating distance(m)Pipe:X100,36OD,16mmWT Backfill depth:N.R.Test condition:N.R.,18.1MPa(0.75SMYS),Air35m(b)Simulated resultComparison between burst test result and simulated result(CSM
22、/SNAM/Europipe-36”/100 test)l CSM/X80Pipe size:56”OD x 26mmWTGas:AirPressure:16.1MPa(0.80SMYS)l CSM/X100Pipe size:36”OD x 16mmWTGas:AirPressure:18.1MPa(0.75SMYS)Effect of Gas Compositions010020030040050001020(b)Initial temperature:0,Initial pressure:15MPaPressure;(MPa)Gas decompression velocity;(m/s
23、ec)L2S2C2-100010001020Pressure;P(MPa)Temperature()dual phaseC2(a)Equilibrium statesdense phasegas phaseliquidphaseS2L2gas decompression curvesEffect of gas compositions on crack propagation0100200300050100 X80,42inchOD,20mmWT,14.89MPa(0.72SMYS)Fracture arrest distance;L(m)0C2 gas0S2 gas0 L2 gasFull-
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