门静脉高压症(同名21)课件.ppt
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1、门静脉高压症门静脉高压症Portal Hypertension吴国洋厦门大学附属中山医院教学大纲目 的:1.了解门静脉系统的解剖特点 2熟悉门静脉高压症的病因,病理和临床 表现 3掌握门静脉高压症的诊断和治疗原则讲授内容:门静脉的解剖概要,门静脉高压症的病因,病理、临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗。AnatomyLiver Is a Unique Organ in That It Has a Dual Blood Supply 1500ml/min(25%of the cardiac output)Portal vein contributes 2/3 of the total hepatic
2、blood flow Hepatic arterial perfusion accounts for over 50%of the livers oxygen supplyPortal Vein 肠系膜上静脉肠系膜上静脉 肠系膜下静脉肠系膜下静脉 门静脉门静脉 肝窦肝窦 脾静脉脾静脉 下腔静脉下腔静脉 肝静脉肝静脉 中央静脉中央静脉肝的显微解剖肝的显微解剖门静脉在解剖上有三个特点:门静脉无瓣膜,其压力通过(A)流入的血量和(B)流出的阻力形成并维持;门静脉系位于两个毛细血管网之间,即一端是胃、肠、脾、胰的毛细血管网,另一端是肝小叶内的肝窦(毛细血管网);门静脉系与腔静脉系之间存在有四个交通支,
3、即胃底、食管下段交通支,直肠下端、肛管交通支,前腹壁交通支及腹膜后交通支。正常门静脉压力1324cmH2O,平均18cmH2O Definition of Portal Hypertention是指由于各种原因致门静脉内压力升高而引起门静脉血流受阻、血液瘀滞时,临床上出现脾肿大及脾功能亢进食管胃底静脉曲张、呕血和黑便腹水等症状的一系列临床表现 PathophysiologyOhm law V=IR(V-voltage,I-current,and R-resistance)P-the pressure gradient through the portal venous systemF-the
4、volume of blood flowing through the systemR-the resistance to flow 1 门脉血流阻力增加:门脉血流阻力增加:即后向血流学说即后向血流学说 (1)、肝细胞损害,纤维增生,门脉、肝细胞损害,纤维增生,门脉 血流阻力增加。血流阻力增加。(2)、肝动脉门静脉交通支开放。、肝动脉门静脉交通支开放。(3)、肠源性血管活性物质直接进入、肠源性血管活性物质直接进入 体循环,致肝小静脉收缩。体循环,致肝小静脉收缩。2门脉血流量增加:门脉血流量增加:即前向血流学说即前向血流学说 一些扩血管物质直接进入体一些扩血管物质直接进入体 循环,导致内脏血流量
5、增加,而循环,导致内脏血流量增加,而 外周血管阻力降低,心输出量增外周血管阻力降低,心输出量增 加,使全身和内脏处于高动力状加,使全身和内脏处于高动力状 态。态。门静脉高压症分型肝前窦前窦内窦后肝内肝后门脉高压肝前型肝前型肝外门静脉血栓形成、先天性畸形和外在压迫Splenic Vein Thrombosis(Left-sided PH,左侧门静脉高压症)Cause:Abdominal Trauma,Tumors,or pancreatitis.Character:Pressure Is Increased in Areas Drained by the splenic Vein,While P
6、ressure in the Portal Vein Remains Normal.Diagnosis:Patients With Gastric And/or Esophageal varices and Normal Liver Biopsy Results.Therapy:Splenectomy Is Curative.肝内型肝内型肝炎后性肝硬化酒精性和胆汁性肝硬化(窦后及肝窦型)血吸虫性肝硬化(窦前型)肝硬化患者的肝脏Intrahepatic predominantly presinusoidal Schistosomiasis(early stage)Primary biliary
7、cirrhosis(early stage)Idiopathic portal hypertension(early stage)Hepatic metastasis Nodular regenerative hyperplasia predominantly sinusoidal and/or postsinusoidal Acute,chronic and fulminant hepatitis Acute alcoholic hepatitis Primary biliary cirrhosis(advanced stage)Venoocclusive disease Idiopathi
8、c portal hypertension(advanced stage)Congenital hepatic fibrosis Vitamin A toxicity-noncirrhotic portal fibrosis.Portal Hypertension in Cirrhosis Perisinusoidal deposition of collagen is the basis of PH in cirrhosis,it increase resistance to portal venous flow at the level of the sinusoids.This depo
9、sition results in narrowing and compression of the central veins caused by fibrosis.Regenerative nodules contributes pressure to this compression.Arteriovenous anastomoses in a fibrous scar also contribute to the increased portal venous pressure.肝后型肝后型 BuddChiari综合征、缩窄性心包炎及严重右心衰等门静脉系统病理与门静脉高压 脾源理论:1
10、894年开始,班替(Banti)综合征。门静脉系统病理与门静脉高压机械梗阻理论:1900年开始,Preble等美国东北部长老会学派提出治疗上以分流为主机械梗阻理论的质疑:1 门静脉压力不与肝硬化或脾大小成正比2二氧化硅门静脉注射等机械梗阻的方法未能造成门静脉高压的模型门静脉系统病理与门静脉高压递质机制的建立:临床上发现肿大的脾脏随肝功能改善而缩小 组胺和去甲肾上腺素增加肝阻力,多巴胺与胰高血糖素使门静脉血流增加治疗上以改善肝功能和清除、抑制或拮抗的方式来控制递质 A.清除血浆置换 B.抑制生长抑素类 C.拮抗心得安等Complications Gastrointestinal tract he
11、morrhage(消化道出血)Ascites(腹水)Splenomegaly and hypersplenism(脾大伴脾亢)Encephalopathy(肝性脑病)SplenomegalySplenomegalySplenomegaly The spleen is enlarged and firm.The splenic artery and vein are enlarged and tortuous,and they may be aneurysmal Histologically,sinusoids are dilated and lined by thickened epithel
12、ium.Histiocytes proliferate in the sinusoids with occasional erythrophagocytosis.HypersplenismAs the spleen enlarges,it can sequester erythrocytes leukocytes platelets resulting in mild-to-moderate decreases in some or all of these cell lines.病因病因1、门脉压力升高、门脉压力升高 脉系毛细血管床滤过压脉系毛细血管床滤过压 增增 高高组织液漏入腹腔组织液漏
13、入腹腔2、窦后阻塞、肝内淋巴产生增多、输出不畅、窦后阻塞、肝内淋巴产生增多、输出不畅 淋巴自肝包膜漏入腹腔淋巴自肝包膜漏入腹腔3、肝功能减退、肝功能减退白蛋白合成障碍白蛋白合成障碍血浆胶体血浆胶体 渗透压降低渗透压降低血浆外渗血浆外渗4、醛固酮、抗利尿激素体内灭活减少、醛固酮、抗利尿激素体内灭活减少 钠水潴留钠水潴留Pathogenesis of AscitesDecreased oncotic pressureIncreased hydrostatic pressureVarices of the gastroesophageal Junction Why will varices form
14、?When portal pressures rise,blood flow is diverted to venous collaterals that dilate to form varices.When will varix rupture and bleed?The likelihood that any one varix will rupture and bleed depends on its wall tension.In practice,a large,long varix with a high flow rate and a thin wall is most lik
15、ely to rupture and bleed.食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血原因 胃酸反流,腐蚀食管下段粘膜 粗糙食物摩擦 咳嗽、呕吐、用力排便、重负等腹内压升高Varices of the gastroesophageal Junction How to treat the varix in portal hypertention?Therapies for portal hypertension aim to decrease variceal flow.三个恶性循环圈 第一个是由脾脏肿大与门静脉的压力升高的恶性循环 第二个是由脾功能亢进与肝脏功能恶化、肝硬化和门静脉高压的恶性循环 第三个是
16、食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血与肝硬化程度和门静脉高压恶性循环 Encephalopathy(肝性脑病)Encephalopathy Pathophysiology Portosystemic shunting Hepatic insufficiency Toxins:Ammonia Endogenous BenzodiazepinesDiagnosis of Encephalopathy Identify precipitating factor Infection GI bleed Renal insufficiency Drugs Worsening liver function Physic
17、al Exam Asterixis(扑翼性震颤)Clinical Grade Stage 0:No clinical signs Stage 1:Sleep-wake reversal Stage 2:Lethargy(嗜睡),Slurred speech(言语含糊)Stage 3:Stupor(木僵)Stage 4:Coma(昏迷)Clinical Presentation andDiagnosisClinical Presentation Hematemesis(呕血)or melena(黑粪),Hematochezia(便血)Increasing abdominal girth(腹围)(
18、ascites formation)Splenomegaly and hypersplenism(脾肿大伴脾亢)Mental status changes such as lethargy and altered sleep patterns(presence of portosystemic encephalopathy)Abdominal pain and fever(spontaneous bacterial peritonitis SBP,which also presents without symptoms)Clinical PresentationSigns of portosy
19、stemic collateral formation include the following:Dilated veins in the anterior abdominal wall(umbilical epigastric vein shunts)Caput medusa(tortuous collaterals around the umbilicus)(水母头)Rectal hemorrhoids(痔疮)Ascites-Shifting dullness and fluid wave(if significant amount of ascitic fluid is present
20、)Clinical presentationSigns of liver disease include the following:Ascites(腹水)Jaundice(黄疸)Spider angiomas(蜘蛛痣)Palmar erythema(肝掌)Asterixis(扑翼性震颤)Testicular atrophy(睾丸萎缩)Gynecomastia(乳房女性化)Splenomegaly(脾大)Caput Medusae、Palmar Erythema and Spider AngiomasDiagnosis The medical history from a patient wi
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