redictingMechanicalReasoningAbility(ReasoningwiththeNavy)预测机械推理能力(与海军的推理)课件.ppt
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- redictingMechanicalReasoningAbility ReasoningwiththeNavy 预测 机械 推理 能力 海军 课件
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1、AutoTutor:An Intelligent Tutoring System with Mixed Initiative DialogArt GraesserUniversity of MemphisDepartment of Psychology&the Institute for Intelligent SystemsSupported on grants from the NSF,ONR,ARI,IDA,IES,US Census Bureau,and CHI SystemsInterdisciplinaryApproachComputer SciencePsychologyComp
2、utational LinguisticsEducationOverviewlBrief comments on my research on question asking and answeringlPrimary focus is on AutoTutor-a collaborative reasoning and question answering systemOverview of my Research on QuestionslPsychological Models Question asking(PREG,ONR,NSF,ARI)Question answering(QUE
3、ST,ONR)lComputer Artifacts Tutor(AutoTutor,Why/AutoTutor,Think like a commander,NSF,ONR,ARI,CHI Systems)Survey question critiquer(QUAID,US Census,NSF)Point&Query software(P&Q,ONR)Query-based information retrieval(HURA Advisor,IDA)AutoTutor Collaborative reasoning and question answering in tutorial d
4、ialogThink Like a Commander Vignettes1 Trouble in McLouth2 Save the Shrine3 The Recon Fight4 A Shift In Forces5 The Attack Begins6 The Bigger Picture7 Looking Deep8 Before the Attack9 Meanwhile Back at the RanchKeep Focus on Mission?Highers Intent?Model a Thinking Enemy?Consider Effects of Terrain?U
5、se All Assets Available?Consider Timing?See the Bigger Picture?Visualize the BattlefieldAccurately?-Realistic Space-Time ForecastDynamically?-Entities Change Over TimeProactively?-What Can I Make Enemy DoConsider Contingencies and Remain Flexible?What does AutoTutor do?Asks questions and presents pr
6、oblems Why?How?What-if?What is the difference?Evaluates meaning and correctness of the learners answers(LSA and computational linguistics)Gives feedback on answersFace displays emotions+some gesturesHintsPrompts for specific informationAdds information that is missedCorrects some bugs and misconcept
7、ionsAnswers student questionHolds mixed-initiative dialog in natural languagePedagogical Design Goals Simulate normal human tutors and ideal tutorsActive construction of student knowledge rather than information delivery systemCollaborative answering of deep reasoning questions Approximate evaluatio
8、n of student knowledge rather than detailed student modelingA discourse prosthesisFeasibility of Natural Language Dialog in Tutoring lLearners are forgiving when the tutors dialog acts are imperfect.lThey are even more forgiving when the bar is set low during instructions.lThere are learning gains.l
9、Learning is not correlated with liking.Low ExpectedPrecisionHigh ExpectedPrecisionLow Common GroundYESMAYBEHigh Common GroundMAYBENODEMOHuman TutorslAnalyze hundreds of hours human tutors Research methods in college students Basic algebra in 7th grade Typical unskilled cross-age tutorslStudies from
10、the Memphis labs Graesser&Person studieslStudies from other labs Chi,Evens,McArthur Characteristics of students that we wish were betterlStudent question askinglComprehension calibrationlSelf-regulated learning,monitoring,&and error correctionlPrecise,symbolic articulation of knowledgelGlobal integr
11、ation of knowledge Distant anaphoric reference Analogical reasoning Application of principles to a practical problemPedagogical strategies not used by unskilled tutorslSocratic method(Collins,Stevens)lModeling-scaffolding-fading(Rogoff)lReciprocal training(Brown,Palincsar)lAnchored Learning(Bransfor
12、d,Vye,CTGV)lError diagnosis&repair(Anderson,van Lehn,Lesgold)lBuilding on prerequisites(Gagne)lCascade techniques(van Lehn,Schank)lSophisticated motivational techniques(Lepper)What can AutoTutor(and most human tutors)handle?Correct InformationErrors and MisconceptionsTutor expects and Student expres
13、sesYesYesTutor correctsTutor expects butStudent does not expressYesTutor helps to fill inYesNot manifestedTutor does not expect but Student expressesNo(or rarely)Tutor ignoresNo(or rarely)Tutor ignoresAutoTutorLanguage ExtractionSpeech actclassifierLatentSemanticAnalysisCurriculumScriptTalkinghead w
14、ithgesturesDialog ManagementProblem selectionManaging One AutoTutor TurnlShort feedback on the students previous turnlAdvance the dialog by one or more dialog moves that are connected by discourse markerslEnd turn with a signal that transfers the floor to the student Question Prompting hand gesture
15、Head/gaze signalDialog MovesPositive immediate feedback:“Yeah”“Right!”Neutral immediate feedback:“Okay”“Uh huh”Negative immediate feedback:“No”“Not quite”Pump for more information:“What else?”Hint:“How does tossing the pumpkin affect horizontal velocity?”Prompt for specific information:“Vertical acc
16、eleration does not affect horizontal _.”Assert:“Vertical acceleration does not affect horizontal velicity.”Correct:“Air resistance is negligible”Repeat:“So,once again,how does tossing the pumpkin affect horizontal velocity?”Summarize:“So to recap,succinct summary.”Discourse Marker RelationsSample di
17、alogTutor:This might help.If the runner speeds up will the pumpkin land behind the runner,next to the runner,or in front of the runner?The pumpkin will land behind the runner.Tutor:Right.What is the horizontal force applied to the pumpkin after it leaves the runners hands?There is no horizontal forc
18、e applied to the pumpkin after it leaves the runners hands.Tutor:Right.expectation(1):0.836expectation(2):0.851expectation(3):0.584misconception(1)0.371misconception(2):0.605As zero force is acting on it,it will haveconstant velocity hence it will land on his head.51.66.44Expectation-1 The pumpkin h
19、as the same horizontal velocity as the runner.Expectation-2 Zero force is needed to keep an object going with constant velocity.Expectation-3 Vertical forces on the pumpkin do not affect its horizontal velocity.The horizontal velocity of the pumpkin is the same as the runner.The horizontal velocity
20、of the pumpkin is the same as the runner.99.66.87Expectation-1 The pumpkin has the same horizontal velocity as the runner.Expectation-2 Zero force is needed to keep an object going with constant velocity.Expectation-3 Vertical forces on the pumpkin do not affect its horizontal velocity.How does Why/
21、AutoTutor select the next expectation?lDont select expectations that the student has covered cosine(student answers,expectation)threshold lFrontier learning,zone of proximal developmentSelect highest sub-threshold expectationlCoherenceSelect next expectation that has highest overlap with previously
22、covered expectation lPivotal expectationsHow does AutoTutor know which dialog move to deliver?Dialog Advancer Network(DAN)for mixed-initiative dialog15 Fuzzy production rules Quality of the students assertion(s)in preceding turnStudent ability levelTopic coverageStudent verbosity(initiative)Hint-Pro
23、mpt-Assertion cycles for expected good answersDialog Advancer NetworkHint-Prompt-Assertion Cycles to Cover Good Expectations Cycle fleshes out one expectation at a timeExit cycle when:cos(S,E)TS=student input E=expectation T=thresholdHintPromptAssertionHintAssertionPromptWho is delivering the answer
24、?STUDENT PROVIDES INFORMATIONPumpHintPromptAssertionTUTOR PROVIDES INFORMATION Correlations between dialog moves and student abilityQuestion TaxonomyQUESTION CATEGORYGENERIC QUESTION FRAMES AND EXAMPLES1.Verification Is X true or false?Did an event occur?Does a state exist?2.Disjunctive Is X,Y,or Z
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