TCPIP原理与IP地址规划.ppt.ppt

1、1 1TCP/IP原理与子网规划2 23 34 4HostInternetTCP/IPHost1973，TCP/IP正式提交1978，分成两个协议TCP和IP1983，正式成为所有网络与ARPANET互连的通信协议。5 56 6应用层表示层会话层传输层网络层数据链路层OSI Model物理层TCPUDPHTTpICMP IP ARPFTPSMTPTelnetTFTpSNMpDHCPBOOTPEthernetPPPFRATMX.25TCP/IP ModelTCP/IP的典型沙漏模型HDLCE17 7应用层会话层表示层传输层TCPUDP网络层ICMPARPIPIP数据链路层物理层网络接口层由底层网

2、络定义的协议SMTPFTPTELNETDNSSNMPNFSTFTP提供应用进程使用网络服务的接口提供进程到进程通信服务提供主机到主机的通信服务（编址、路由和转发功能）物理介质访问控制二进制数据流传输 IGMP8 8TCP/IP数据流封装过程：网络接口层IP层TCP层应用层用户数据TCP段 网络接口层IP层TCP层应用层IP包用户数据TCP段实际物理网络的帧IP包实际传输PDUUser datasegmentpacketframe实际物理网络的帧bits9 9应用层传输层网络层网络接口层文件传输文件传输-TFTP-FTP-NFSE-Mail-SMTP远程登录远程登录-Telnet-rlogin

3、网络管理网络管理-SNMP 名称管理名称管理-DNS1010Transmission ControlProtocol(TCP)User Datagram Protocol(UDP)应用层传输层网络层网络接口层11111212端口号TCPFTPTransportLayerTELNETDNSSNMPTFTPSMTPUDPApplicationLayer2123255369161服务器一般都是通过知名端口号来识别应用进程的，端口号用来标示互相通信的应用进程1313源端口源端口(16)目的端口目的端口(16)序列号序列号(32)首部长度首部长度(4字节单字节单位位)确认号确认号(32)保留保留(6)F

4、lags(6)窗口大小窗口大小(16)TCP校验和校验和(16)紧急指针紧急指针(16)Options数据数据01631Padding1414源端口目的端口Host ADest.port=23.将数据包送到我的TELNET端口102823SPDPHost Z进程进程1Telnet Z注：实际的TCP连接用四元组来表示，即源IP、目的IP、源端口、目的端口。1515源端口目的端口Host A102823SPDPHost Z进程进程1Telnet Z进程进程2Telnet Z1029231616I justsent#10.源端口目的端口序号#确认序号#102823Source Dest.Seq.5

5、Ack.1717I justsent#10.I just got#10,now I need#11.102823Source Dest.Seq.5Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.6Ack.源端口目的端口序号#确认序号#1818I justsent#10.I just got#10,now I need#11.102823Source Dest.Seq.5Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.6Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.5Ack.源端口目的端口序号#确认序号#1919102823Source Dest.Seq.6Ack.102823So

6、urce Dest.Seq.5Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.5Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.6Ack.I just got#11,now I need#12.I justsent#11.源端口目的端口序号#确认序号#2020Send SYN(seq=100)SYN receivedHost AHost B12121Send SYN(seq=100)SYN receivedSend SYN+ACK(seq=300,ack=101)Host AHost BSYN received122222Send SYN(seq=100)SYN receivedSen

7、d SYN+ACK(seq=300,ack=101)Established ACK(seq=101，ack301)Host AHost B123SYN received为了建立或初始化一个连接，两个TCP通信者必须同步各自的初始序号。初始序列号是建立一个TCP连接时的开始号，用于跟踪通信顺序并确保每个数据包传输时无丢失。2323 ACKACKFINFIN应用程序关闭主机A主机B应用程序关闭2424Window size=1Send 1Receive 1SenderReceiver2525Window size=1Send 1Receive 1Ack 2SenderReceiver2626Win

8、dow size=1Send 1Receive 1Ack 2Send 2Receive 2SenderReceiver2727Window size=1Send 1Receive 1Ack 2Send 2Receive 2Ack 3SenderReceiver2828Window size=1Send 1Receive 1Ack 2Send 2Receive 2Ack 3Send 1Send 2Receive 1Receive 2Window size=3Send 3Receive 3SenderReceiverSenderReceiver2929Window size=1Send 1Rece

9、ive 1Ack 2Send 2Receive 2Ack 3Send 1Send 2Receive 1Receive 2Window size=3Send 3Receive 3Ack 4SenderReceiverSenderReceiver3030Window size=1Send 1Receive 1Ack 2Send 2Receive 2Ack 3Send 1Send 2Receive 1Receive 2Window size=3Send 3Receive 3Ack 4Send 4SenderReceiverSenderReceiver3131Source port(16)Destin

10、ation port(16)Length(16)Data(if any)Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31Checksum(16)8Bytes无序号及确认不可靠、面向无连接开销小、快速3232TCPUDP是否面向连接面向连接无连接是否提高可靠性可靠传输不提供可靠性是否流量控制流量控制不提供流量控制传输速度慢快协议开销大小3333Internet Protocol(IP)地址解析/反向解析协议（ARP/RARP）互联网控制消息协议（ICMP）应用层传输层网络层网络接口层该层实现主机到主机的通信能力，包含路由、转发功能，编址三项主要功能。主要的协议也包括三个：IP，ICMP和ARP34

11、34版本版本(4)目的目的IP地址地址(32)OptionsPadding数据数据01631头部长度头部长度(4)服务类型服务类型(8)总长度总长度(16)标识符标识符(16)标志标志(3)片偏移片偏移(13)TTL存活时间存活时间(8)协议协议(8)报头校验和报头校验和(16)源源IP地址地址(32)3535传输层网络层TCPUDP协议号IP1763636ApplicationTransportIPData LinkPhysicalDestination UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP1 ICMP工作在网络层，实际中扮演了网络层的差错报告机制3737383817

12、2.16.3.1172.16.3.1172.16.3.2172.16.3.2IP:172.16.3.2=?IP:172.16.3.2=?我需要IP地址为172.16.3.2主机的物理地址作用：隐藏底层网络物理地址，以允许给每台主机分配 任意IP地址组成：1)发送数据时，实现IP地址向MAC地址的映射 2)回答其它机器的ARP请求。3939IP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 172.16.3.1172.16.3.2IP:172.16.3.2=?我听到广播包了，这条消息是给我的 ，这是我的物理地址.我需要IP地址为176.16.3.2主机的物理地址40404

13、141172.18.0.2172.18.0.1172.17.0.2172.17.0.1172.16.0.2172.16.0.1SADAHeaderDATA10.13.0.0192.168.1.010.13.0.1192.168.1.14242172.16.2.1172.16.3.10172.16.12.1210.1.1.110.250.8.1110.180.30.118172.161212NetworkHost.172.16.2.110.6.24.2Fei_1/1Fei_1/2路由器每个端口连接一个IP子网，不同子网要求不同的网络前缀。点分十进制表示法43431Class A:Bits:0Ne

14、twork（8bit）Host8 916 1724 2532Range(1-126)1Class B:Bits:10 Network(16bit)Host8 916 1724 2532Range(128-191)1Class C:Bits:110 Network(24bit)Host8 916 17242532Range(192-223)1Class D:Bits:1110组播组播8 916 17242532Range(224-239)1Class E:Bits:111108 916 17242532Range(240-255)保留地址保留地址4444 RFC1918中规定如下地址是私有地址：

15、一个A类地址10.0.0.0，16个B类地址172.16.0.0172.31.0.0，256个C类地址192.168.0.0192.168.255.0 用于广播，也称定向广播，需要指定目标网络主机地址全1用于指定网络本身，称之为网络地址或者网络号主机地址全0指本地节点(一般为127.0.0.1)，用于测试网卡及TCP/IP软件网络127.0.0.0用途用途地址地址4545 11111111 172 16 0 0 10101100 00010000 00000000 0000000016151413121110 987654321NetworkHost 00000000 00000001 111

16、11111 11111111 11111111 11111110.00000000 00000011 11111101123655346553565536-.265534N2N-2=216-2=65534172.16.0.0网络的广播地址172.16.0.0网络的网络ID46464747172.16.0.0172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3.172.16.255.253 172.16.255.2544848172.16.2.3172.16.2.2172.16.2.4172.16.2.1172.16.3.5172.16.3.6172.16.3.7172.16.3.1

17、Fei_1/1Fei_1/2172.162160NetworkHost.NetworkInterface172.16.2.0172.16.3.0New Routing TableSubnetFei_1/2Fei_1/14949172160025525500IP 地址地址缺省掩码缺省掩码8位子网掩码位子网掩码网络位网络位主机位主机位子网位子网位主机位主机位也可写作也可写作“/16”其中其中16表示掩码的位数表示掩码的位数 11111111 111111110000000000000000也可写作也可写作“/24”其中其中24表示掩码的位数表示掩码的位数网络位网络位主机位主机位网络位网络位2552

18、552550 11111111 111111111111111100000000505016网络位网络位主机位主机位172.16.2.160 255.255.255.017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010子网位子网位网络地址网络地址1281922242402482522542555151172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010

19、000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010161722128网络地址网络地址128192224240248252254255128192224240248252254255网络位网络位主机位主机位子网位子网位525216172216010101100000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.19241535310101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000

20、00000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.1921216172216054541010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.19212371617221605555101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMa

21、skSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.1921234161722160565610101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.1921234561617221605757101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010

22、1011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.1921234561621601617221605858101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.192123456716172216059591010110011111111101011000

23、0010000111111110001000011111111000000101010000011000000100000000000001010101100000100000000001010111111101011000001000000000010 1000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.1921234567816172216060601010110011111111101011000001000011111111000100001111

24、1111000000101010000011000000100000000000001010101100000100000000001010111111101011000001000000000010 1000000110101100000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst172.16.2.160255.255.255.192172.16.2.128172.16.2.191172.16.2.129172.16.2.1901234567891617221606161AddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet1

25、72.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0步骤：1）先将IP地址和子网掩码写成2进制形式。2）将2进制形式的IP地址和子网掩码进行按位与运算。3）运算结果再转换回点分十进制。6262AddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet172.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0BAA172.16.2.010.6.16.010.30.36.06363AddressClassSubnetBroadc

26、ast201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248Subnet Mask15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128步骤：1）先将IP地址和子网掩码写成2进制形式。2）将2进制形式的IP地址和子网掩码进行按位与运算。3）得到子网ID号后，将主机ID全部置1。4）运算结果再转换回点分十进制。6464153.50.6.127AddressClassSubnetBroadcast201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248C201.222.10.63201.

27、222.10.56Subnet Mask15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0A15.16.199.25515.16.192.0128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252B128.16.32.15128.16.32.12153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128B153.50.6.06565172.16.14.32/27172.16.14.64/27172.16.14.96/27 当一个网络包含多个子网，且子网的大小不同，则可以使用VLSM。这样避免了IP地址的浪费，但需要路由协议支持CBA172.16.1.0/24172.16.2.0/24center172.16.0.0/16172.16.14.136/30172.16.14.132/30172.16.14.140/3066666767