初中英语中考语法知识讲解及训练：非谓语动词.docx

1、非谓语动词. 概述 在英语中，对动词作出适当形式的变形，动词就可以用来担当除谓语以外的所有成分，这类词就被称为非限定动词或非谓语动词。非限定动词包括不定式(the infinitive)，分词(participle)和动名词(the gerund)。. 动词不定式动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。动词不定式虽然不能作谓语，但仍然保持着动词的特征，可以接宾语或状语构成动词不定式短语。1. 动词不定式在剧中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。A. 作主语。 To speak English well isnt an easy job. To improve our teaching m

2、ethod is very important. 动词不定式短语作，为了保持句子平衡，往往用it作形式主语，把不定式置于句尾。 It is important to master English grammar. It would be a waste of time to look up every new word as it comes along.B. 作表语 Our plan is to set up another middle school for the children. His ambition is to become a successful scientist.C.

3、作宾语 常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有： afford, agree, ask, attempt, begin, choose, decline, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, happen, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, pray, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, threaten, want, wish They decide to change their mind. I cant aff

4、ord to live the big house. 如果不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语，往往用it作形式宾语，而将不定式宾语放在宾补后。 I find it interesting to study English. He feels it difficult to answer the question.D. 作宾语补足语 advise, allow, ask, convince, command, enable, encourage, expect, force, get, have, hear, help, invite, instruct lead, let, make, observe

5、, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, teach, tell, urge, want, watch, warn, wish My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. Tell the children not to play on the street. feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, observe, see, watch等动词后面，复合宾语中动词不定式标记to通常被省略。动词help后不

6、定式标记to可省去，也可保留。 I saw her enter the cinema. He helps the little (to) finish her homework.E. 作定语 动词不定式可作定语修饰名词或代词，跟在所修饰词的后边。 She is the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature. She lost the ability to communicate with people.F. 作状语 动词不定式可作状语修饰动词或形容词，一般放在所修饰的动词或形容词之后。 目的状语 He we

7、nt to America to learn English. To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：不定式作结果状语只用于learn, find, see, hear, to be told, make等有终止含义的词。 He returned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside. A few years later we came to our home to find that our hometown had greatly changed

8、. 动词不定式和only连用，表示未预料到的结果。 He went to the station only to find the train had left.2. 疑问词+动词不定式 what, who, which, when, where, how和whether等后可跟不定式。 How to solve the problem is very important. He didnt know what to say.3. 动词不定式的时态形式A. 动词不定式的一般式 动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后。 I often hear Dick play t

9、he piano in the next room. He hopes to become a university student this year. The decided to plant more trees this spring.B. 动词不定式的进行式 动词不定式的进行时表示动作正在进行，并且和谓语动词的动作同时发生。 They seemed to be discussing something important. My supervisor happened to be correcting my dissertation when I came in.C. 动词不定式的完

10、成式 动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting. He is said to have written a book on war on Iraq.D. 动词不定式的完成进行式 动词不定式的完成进行式表示动作在谓语动词之前一直进行。 He seems to have been working there all these years. He was known to have been living there for over twenty years.4. 动词不定式的被动语态 当不定式的逻辑主语是不

11、定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。其时态形式有一般式和完成式。 Its a great honor to be invited to Marys birthday party. No harm seems to have been done. I had to shout to be heard.5. 分裂不定式 在不定式符号“to”与动词原形之间插入一个副词，叫分裂不定式。 He likes to half close his eyes. Our object is to further cement our friendship.6. “be + infinitive”的

12、用法A. be + infinitive可以表达命令，或表示“必要”“责任”等意义。You are to do your homework before you watch TV.B. be + infinitive还可以用来表达“意愿”“打算”等。Our boss is to visit your factory next month. 分词(the participle)1. 分词的意义和形式 分词兼具动词，形容词和副词的特征。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。规则的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成。2. 现在分词和

13、过去分词的区别 现在分词表示的意义是主动地、进行的。过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的。现在分词多表示主动地意思，而过去分词多表示被动的意思。 a moving film / a moved audience surprising/ surprised a tiring job/ a tired man developing country/ developed country the rising sun/ the risen sun3. 分词的用法 由于分词起形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可担任定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。A. 作定语 单个分词作定语放在被修饰名词之前，分词短语作定语放

14、在所修饰词之后。 Im reading a very interesting novel. Do you know the girl employed by this company?B. 作表语 分词作表语相当于形容词，现在分词多指主语的性质，过去分词多指主语的状态。 The news is quite encouraging. They were completely exhausted.C. 作宾语补足语 常跟宾语补足语的动词：have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe

15、, watch, set He kept the machine running for ten hours. We saw her entering the cinema. I had my car repaired./ I had my hair cut. 现在分词与不定式作宾补意义上有差别。前者表示动作正在发生，后者表示动作发生了。 I saw the girl getting on the bus. / I saw the girl get on the bus.D. 作状语 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的

16、动作时句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 时间状语： Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. While crossing the street, you must be careful. When heated, ice will be changed into water. 原因状语： Having no place to go, the man wandered about in the street. Being ill, he didnt go to school

17、 yesterday. 伴随状语以及方式状语 She came running back to tell us the news. The teacher went into the lab, followed by the new student. 条件状语： Working hard, you will succeed. Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.4分词的否定结构 现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成，过去分词常借助un-表否定。 Not knowing where to go, she went to

18、the police for help. The boy was left uncared for.5. 现在分词的时态形式A. 现在分词的一般式，表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或者在谓语动词之前或之后。 She sat there reading the text. / Going into the room, he shut the door.B. 现在分词的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.6. 现在分词的被动语态A. 一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行，

19、或与谓语动词同时发生。 The building being built is our library.B. 完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经完成了。 Having been told many times, he still did not know how to do it.一接动词不定式 （ to do/ do sth ）1.like to do sth2.like sb to do sth3.Lets (not ) do sth4.want to do sth5.want sb to do sth6.love to do sth7.ask sb (not ) to d

20、o sth8.stop to do sth9.tell sb (not ) to do sth10.watch sb do sth11.Its time (for sb) to do sth 12.help sb (to ) do sth 13.help do sth14.make sb do sth15.decide (not ) to do sth16.find it +adj + to do sth17.have to dosth18.try (not ) to do sth19.try ones best to do sth20.Its +adj +(for)of +sb + to d

21、o sth21.plan to do sth22.S.p.+be a good place to do sth23.It takes sb +some time + to do sth24.send sb to do sth25.invite sb to do sth26.forget to do sth27.live to be +时间28.be able to do sth29.have sth to do30.seem to do sth31.get sb /sth to do sth32.疑问词+ to do sth33.need sth to do sth34.use sth to

22、do sth35.follow sb to sth36.need to do sth37.a good time to do sth38.the best time to do sth39.the best way to do sth40.be the first / last one to do sth41.would like to do sth42.be excited /surprised to do sth43.be useful to do sth44.be allowed to do sth45.allow sb to do sth46.Its better to do sth4

23、7.Its best to do sth48.take care (not) to do sth49.see sb do sth50.why not do sth ?51.have enough time to do sth52.too to do sth53.not enough to do sth54.encourage sb to do sth55.choose to sth56.wait to do sth57.be happy/glad/pleased to do sth58.make it +adj + to do sth59.be careful to do sth60.be a

24、fraid to do sth61.Its our duty to do sth62.used to do sth63.cant afford to do sth64.make a decision to do sth65.have an opportunity to do sth66.wait for sb to do sth67.would do sth rather than do sth68.would rather do sth than do sth69.hurry to do sth70.refuse to do sth71.agree to do sth72.pretend t

25、o do sth73.pretend to be doing sth74.prefer to do sth75.prefer not to do sth76.prefer to do sth raher than do sth77.be willing to do sth78.volunteer +时间/ 钱 + to do sth79.volunteer to do sth80.offer to do sth81.rush to do sth82.in order (not ) to do sth83.be certain to do sth84.be sure to do sth85.ma

26、ke plans to do sth86.go out of their way to do sth87.lead sb to do sth88.Its ones job to do sth89.Its ones turn to do sth90.urge(激励) sb to do sth91.Could /Would you please (not) do sth ?92.be supposed to do sth93.warn sb to do sth二、接动名词（doing sth ）1.like doing sth2.enjoy doing sth3.have fun doing st

27、h4.be interested in doing sth5.thanks for doing sth6.look at sb doing sth7.stop sb doing sth8.stop/prevent sb from doing sth9.go + v-ing10.do the (some )+v-ing11.What/How doing sth ? 12.practice doing sth13.watch sb doing sth14.find sb doing sth15.mind (ones ) doing sth 16.cant stand doing sth17.thi

28、nk about doing sth18.spend (in)doing sth19.finish doing sth20.be busy doing sth21.keep doing sth22.keep sb from doing sth23.keep sb doing sth24.be good at doing sth25.hate doing sth26.There be +名词+doing sth27.make a living by doing sth28.have a difficult time doing sth29.feel like doing sth30.allow

29、doing sth 31.see sb doing sth32.by doing sth33.end up doing sth34.do a survey about doing sth35.be afraid of doing sth36.be used to doing sth37.be terrified of doing sth38.give up doing sth39.instead of doing sth40.have nothing against doing sth41.be serious about doing sth42.have a chance of doing

30、sth43.before/ when /while +doing sth44.start doing sth45.have a lot of experience doing sth46.prefer doing sth47.consider doing sth48.dream of / about doing sth49.continue doing sth50.put off doing sth51.be used for doing sth =be used to do sth 52.prefer doing sth to doing sth53.without doing sth54.

31、be comfortable doing sth55.cant stop/help doing sth56.look forward to doing sth57.be against doing sth58.have trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth59.suggest doing sth60.be busy doing sth61.be worth doing sth三、V.+doing admit(承认)、avoid(避免) 、finish 、deny(否认)、enjoy、mind(介意)、keep、dislike、consider(认

32、为)、practise、suggest(建议) 、imagine 、miss 、appreciate +doing 四、V.+to do 或者V.+doing1.stop to do/ doing 停下来做另一件事 停止做某事 2.forget to do/ doing 忘记做某事 忘记做过某事 3.remember to do/doing 记住做某事 记得做过某事 4.go on to do/doing 继续做另一件事 继续做某事 5.like to do/doing 喜欢做某事（临时、长期）6.love to do/doing 喜欢做某事 （临时、长期）7.prefer to do/doi

33、ng 更喜欢做某事 （临时、长期）8.hate to do/doing 讨厌做某事 （临时、长期）9.start/begin to do/doing sth.(开始做某事)10. continue to do/doing 继续做某事 11. try to do(设法做) try doing(试着做) 12. cant help to do(不能帮助做)cant help doing(情不自禁做) 五、既用不带to的动词不定式又用现在分词的句型： 用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程；用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。 1.hear sb do sth./doing 听见某人做某事 听见某人正在

34、做某事 2.listen sb do sth./doing 听某人做某事 听某人正在做某事 3.look at sb do sth./doing 看某人做某事 看某人正在做某事 4.see sb do sth./doing 看见某人做某事 看见某人正在做某事 5.watch sb do sth./doing 观察某人做某事 观察某人正在做某事 6.notice sb do sth./doing 注意到某人做某事 注意到某人正在做某事 六、常接动词原形do的结构使役动词：have, make ,let 感官动词：look,sound,see,hear,notice,feel,taste,smel

35、l情态动词：can ,may must could do nothing but do sth had better do sth /had better not do sth 最好做某事would rather do sthA than do sthB 宁愿做A 不愿做Bwhy not do sth =why dont you do sth 为什么不做Its better to do A than do B 做A比做B好help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事1. Would you please _ the door for me?a. holding b. not to hold c

36、. hold d. held2. Seeing an old man getting off the train, she hurried over _ things for him.a carrying b. to carry c. carried d. for carrying3. Wed really like you _ to the party tonight.a. come b. to come c. will come d. should come4. We can do nothing but _ the experiment.a. to repeat b. repeat c.

37、 repeating d. repeated5. Have you got any thing _ about this matter?a. saying b. to say c. said d. say6. He was not _ try it again.a. such a fool as to b. so a fool as to c. a fool such as to d. a fool so as to7. He was too excited _.a. to go to sleeping b. to slept c. to go to sleep d. going to sle

38、ep8. We cant have him _ like that all day.a. to work b. working c. to be worked d. work9.She were often heard _ this song when she was happy. a. sang b. singing c. sung d. to be singing10.The train was seen _ at a very high speed toward the industrial center.a. travel b. travels c. traveled d. trave

39、ling11.Well soon have a person _ with us. a. to work b. working c. worked d. works12._ has not been decided yet.a. To start when b. Why to start c. When to start d. Start to where13. Do you think it difficult _? a. for me to do so b. for my to do so c. for I to do so d. for me doing so14. She keeps

40、telling us _. a. what to do b. doing what c. what is doing d. do what15. _ is not known. a. Whom to begin the running test b. When to begin the running test c. When the running test begin d. How begin to the running test16. _ the job alone is impossible.a. To him to do b. For him doing c. For him to

41、 do d. For he to do 17. _ it should be made clear. a What to do b. Why to do c. Whom to do d. When can do18.Our house needs _ before the rainy season arrives. a. to repair b. to be repair c. repaired d. repairing19.I havent decided which hotel _. a. to stay b. is to stay at c. to stay at d. is for s

42、taying20.I was almost asleep when I heard someone _ at the door. a. knock b. to knock c. knocked d. being knocked21.I often spent much money _ books. a. to buy b. buying c. on buying d. for buying22.If you practice _ English whenever you can, you will soon speak well. a. talking b. going speak c. sp

43、eaking d. to speak23.We are tired of _ the same problem all the time. a. discussing b. to discuss c. discussing for d. discuss24.She usually forgets _ the door, but she remembered _ it yesterday.a. to shutto shut b. shuttingshutting c. to shutshutting d. shuttingto shut25.I _ a bus to school when it was raining.a. am used to take b. used to taking c. use to take d. was used to taking26. Im thirsty. Will you get me something _? A. drink B. to drink C. eat D. eating27. It was great fun _ a picnic on the hill.