大学英语语法.名词概要课件.ppt

1、I.名词的种类名词的种类专有名词专有名词普通名词普通名词国名地名国名地名人名，人名，团体机构团体机构名称名称可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词个体名词个体名词集体名词集体名词 抽象名词抽象名词物质名词物质名词II.名词的数名词的数1.规则名词的复数形式规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或或-es。现将构成方法列表如下现将构成方法列表如下：（参看章振邦语法）：（参看章振邦语法）规则规则例词例词1一般情况在词尾加一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名

2、词后结尾的名词后加加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以以-f或或-fe结尾的词结尾的词变变-f和和-fe为为v再加再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves加加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，结尾的名词，变变y为为i加加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加以

3、元音字母加y结尾的名词，结尾的名词，或专有名词以或专有名词以y结尾的，加结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音以辅音字母加字母加-o结尾的结尾的名词名词一般加一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/vo

4、lcanos7以元音字母加以元音字母加-o结尾的结尾的名词加名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以以-th结尾的名词加结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数不规则名词复数英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：现归纳如下：规则规则例词例词1改变名词中的元音字母改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice 2 单

5、复数相同单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3 只有复数形式只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作一些集体名词总是用作复数复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),times(时

6、代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜)规则 例词7加加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以以-man或或-woman结结尾的改为尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8 将主体名词变为复数将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,s

7、tory-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数将两部分变为复数women singers,men servants合成名词合成名词表示表示“某国人某国人”His schoolmate物质名词单复数意义不同：sands大面积沙滩；waters 大面积水域；foods 多种食品，two coffees 两杯咖啡rubber 橡胶橡胶-rubbers 胶鞋胶鞋stone 石料石料-stones 一块块石头一块块石头egg 蛋白蛋白-eggs一个个的蛋一个个

8、的蛋lamb 羔羊肉羔羊肉-lambs 羔羊羔羊onion 洋葱味洋葱味-onion 洋葱头洋葱头抽象名词单复数意义不同：The teachers met once a year to exchange experience.（经验）Please tell us about your experiences in Africa.(经历）Experience 作“经验”讲，没有复数；作“经历”讲，两种形式均可。What is the odds?有什么要紧？The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。His remains lie in the churchyard.遗体

9、教堂墓地Here is the remains of a temple.遗迹The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.剩余物一些以一些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词，随后动词的单复结尾的单复数同形的名词，随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是复数。数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是复数。A barracks营房 was stormed by the enemy troops.Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded.郊区A headquarters总部 was set up to di

10、rect the operation.Their headquarters are in Paris.The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms.All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.A series of pre-recorded预先录制的 tapes has been prepared for language lab use.There are two series of readers:one for beginners and

11、 one for advanced students.A new species of mammal has been found.Altogether,about 450 species of flatfish比目鱼 are known.a of+复数名词 a committee of/a panel of/a board of+复数名词，随后的动词为单数。A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition.It is meeting tomorrow.and/bothandand/bothand

12、连接的并列结构作主语，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。The fishing and the hunting in Arizona（亚利桑那州）were good that year.如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单数：Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.The secretary and treasurer is absent.备受宠爱的人or/nor/eitheroror/nor/eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”Eith

13、er my father or my brothers are coming.Neither the Kansas players nor the coach was overconfident.as well as as well as,in addition to,with,along with,together with,except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决与主语本身的形式。The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.The father,as well as his sons,is going

14、to enroll.as much asas much as,rather than,more than,no less than等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依助于的单复数而定。Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.His brother rather than his parents is to blame.以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语1 如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数；如果被看做组成该数量的一个个体，则动词用复数。They thought that sixty-fiv

15、e dollars was not too much to ask.Six months is too short a time.2 如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数+of+词组”构成，其动词形式依of词组中名词类别而定。Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.3 如果主语由”one in/one out of+复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词也可按就近原则用复数。One in ten students has failed th

16、e exam.One in ten students have failed the exam.以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语1 all of,some of,none of,half of,most of等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依照of词组中的名词类别而定。Most of the members were there.All of the money has been stolen.2 如果主语是lots of,heaps of,loads of,plenty of+名词构成，表示许多的概念，随后动词的单复数形式也依照of词组中名词类别而定。Lots of food is

17、 going to waste.Lots of people are waiting outside.3 如果是a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of+名词构成，不管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数。A series of accidents has been reported.A pile of logs was set beside the hearth.4 a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of+名词构成，动词用单数。There is a kind of rose in the garden,w

18、hich fills the air with fragrance when May comes.若限定词是these/those，同时of词组的名词又是复数，则动词用复数These kind of men annoy me.6 an average of/a majority of+复数名词构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数；如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，则动词用单数An average of 25 persons apply each month.An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.名词前客观性形容词的排

19、列顺序：名词前客观性形容词的排列顺序：slh,sac,omc。这些字母分别指。这些字母分别指size(大小大小),length(长短长短),height(高矮高矮),shape(形状形状),age(新旧新旧),color(颜色颜色),origin(来来源、国别源、国别),material(材料材料),category(类别类别)。III.名词的所有格名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做式叫做 名词所有格名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西

20、，后者多前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。表示无生命的东西。5 many a+名词或more than one+名词构成，其意义虽然属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循语法一致，用单数。Many a man has done his duty.More than one game was lost.1.s所有格的构成：所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名复数名词词一般在末尾加一般在末尾加the teachers room,the twins mother,不规则复数名词不规则

21、复数名词后加后加sthe childrens toys,womens rights,以以s结尾的人名所有格结尾的人名所有格加加s或者或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时表示各自的所有关系时,各各名词末尾均须加名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，表示某人家店铺，

22、所有格后名词省略所有格后名词省略the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles 2.s所有格的用法：所有格的用法：表示时间表示时间todays newspaper,five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象表示自然现象the earths atmosphere,the trees branches3表示国家城市等表示国家城市等地方的名词地方的名词the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry4表示工作群体表示工作群体the ships crew,majoritys view,t

23、he teams victory5表示度量衡及价表示度量衡及价值值a miles journey,five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特与人类活动有特殊关系的名词殊关系的名词the lifes time,the plays plot7某些固定词组某些固定词组a birds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(不知所措)Marys and Bobs book 各自所有的书各自所有的书Mary and Bobs book 两人共同的书两人共同的书名词词组名词词组+同位语构成属格时，同位语构成属格时，s加在同加在同位语后

24、：位语后：his schoolmate johnsons 或或johnsons,his schoolmates 3.of 所有格的用法：所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair,the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 名词属格表示事物类别或属性时，不能用of代替：儿童画报：儿童画报：childrens pictorial,而不而不是是pictorial of children;男士服装：男士服装：mens clothing，而不是，而不是 chlothing of men;博士学位：博士学位：a doctors degree,而不而不是是a degree of doctor