家禽育种方法课件.ppt
- 【下载声明】
1. 本站全部试题类文档,若标题没写含答案,则无答案;标题注明含答案的文档,主观题也可能无答案。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
2. 本站全部PPT文档均不含视频和音频,PPT中出现的音频或视频标识(或文字)仅表示流程,实际无音频或视频文件。请谨慎下单,一旦售出,不予退换。
3. 本页资料《家禽育种方法课件.ppt》由用户(三亚风情)主动上传,其收益全归该用户。163文库仅提供信息存储空间,仅对该用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上传内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知163文库(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!
4. 请根据预览情况,自愿下载本文。本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
5. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007及以上版本和PDF阅读器,压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 家禽 育种 方法 课件
- 资源描述:
-
1、家禽育种方法家禽育种方法n家禽的选择家禽的选择n家禽的配种家禽的配种n家禽品系培育家禽品系培育n现代家禽繁育体系现代家禽繁育体系第1页,共51页。家禽的选择n根据外貌与生理特征进行选择根据外貌与生理特征进行选择n使用范围使用范围:种禽繁殖场种禽繁殖场n肉用系肉用系:于于5-7周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;n标准标准:生长迅速生长迅速,体重大体重大,羽毛丰满羽毛丰满,无生理缺陷。无生理缺陷。n蛋用系蛋用系:于于6-8周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;n标准标准:羽毛生长迅速羽毛生长迅速,体重符合要求体重符合要求(不过大也不过小不过大也不过小),无无生理缺陷。生理缺陷。n种用育成禽:于种用育成禽:于20-22
2、周龄进行选择周龄进行选择;n标准标准:体型结构、外貌特征符合品种要求,身体健康,体型结构、外貌特征符合品种要求,身体健康,生长发育健全。生长发育健全。第2页,共51页。家禽的选择n根据记录成绩进行选择根据记录成绩进行选择n性能记录性能记录n蛋鸡:产蛋量,蛋重,产蛋重,蛋壳品质蛋鸡:产蛋量,蛋重,产蛋重,蛋壳品质(蛋壳厚度和蛋壳厚度和强度、蛋形、哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳组织、血斑强度、蛋形、哈夫单位、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳组织、血斑与肉斑与肉斑),性成熟期,产蛋率,体重,耗料、抗病力,性成熟期,产蛋率,体重,耗料、抗病力,雏鸡成活力,产蛋期成活力,受精率,孵化率等;雏鸡成活力,产蛋期成活力,受精率,孵化
3、率等;n肉鸡:上市体重,羽毛生长速度,绒羽颜色,屠宰率,屠肉鸡:上市体重,羽毛生长速度,绒羽颜色,屠宰率,屠体品质,耗料,性成熟期,成年体重,蛋重,蛋壳品质,体品质,耗料,性成熟期,成年体重,蛋重,蛋壳品质,入孵蛋入孵蛋%,死亡率,受精率,孵化率。,死亡率,受精率,孵化率。n上述项目可根据实际情况选择记载。上述项目可根据实际情况选择记载。第3页,共51页。家禽的选择性能测定 根据系谱资料进行选择(系谱测定)根据系谱资料进行选择(系谱测定)n 对于雏禽和育成禽,因不能断定成年后其生产性能如对于雏禽和育成禽,因不能断定成年后其生产性能如何,另外公禽本身不能产蛋,此时可查它们的系谱,何,另外公禽本身
4、不能产蛋,此时可查它们的系谱,比较不同公鸡祖先的生产性能记录以推断它们可能继比较不同公鸡祖先的生产性能记录以推断它们可能继承其祖先的什么性能。承其祖先的什么性能。n 运用系谱测定时,血缘越近影响越大,因此一般着运用系谱测定时,血缘越近影响越大,因此一般着重比较亲代和祖代即可。重比较亲代和祖代即可。n 根据本身成绩进行选择(个体测定)根据本身成绩进行选择(个体测定)n 与系谱测定比较与系谱测定比较,个体测定能更准确的反映个体的性个体测定能更准确的反映个体的性能能;n 依据个体测定进行选择只适于遗传力较高的性状依据个体测定进行选择只适于遗传力较高的性状。第4页,共51页。家禽的选择性能测定 根据全
5、同胞和半同胞性能进行选择(同胞测定)根据全同胞和半同胞性能进行选择(同胞测定)n 由于公禽不能产蛋,因此一般使用其全同胞和半同胞姐由于公禽不能产蛋,因此一般使用其全同胞和半同胞姐妹的性能对其蛋用性状进行选择;妹的性能对其蛋用性状进行选择;n 屠宰性状或屠体品质性状一般也通过同胞测定进行屠宰性状或屠体品质性状一般也通过同胞测定进行选择。选择。n 根据后裔成绩进行选择(后裔测定)根据后裔成绩进行选择(后裔测定)n 后裔测定是根据记录进行选择时准确性最高的方法;后裔测定是根据记录进行选择时准确性最高的方法;n 通过后裔测定的公禽一般年龄较大(至少二岁半以通过后裔测定的公禽一般年龄较大(至少二岁半以上
6、),利用时间已不多,但可通过后裔测定建立优上),利用时间已不多,但可通过后裔测定建立优良家系。良家系。第5页,共51页。Progeny testnThe term progeny test as applied to animal breeding refers to the estimation of an individuals value as a breeder by means of the qualities or performance of its offspring.nThe application of the progeny test to breeding operat
7、ions has brought one important fact to the attention of the poultry breeder.This is that it is not only necessary to consider the results of single pair matings but also to consider all of the offspring of a mating.第6页,共51页。Application of progeny test to production breedingnIt is doubtless true that
8、 much of the rapid progress in improvement of egg production during recent years has been due to the appreciation of the value of the progeny test as a tool by most of the leading breeders.nThis method not only makes it possible to predict with greater accuracy the performance of individuals but als
9、o to estimate their value as breeders,thus permitting more rapid improvement of the flock.nFor purposes of elimination it is very important that the poultryman have the record of a poor-producing family as well as that of good producers.第7页,共51页。Application of progeny test to production breedingnIf
10、the purpose is to progeny test a group of cockerels the usual procedure is to organize several breeding pens carrying females of approximately equal egg records.nThis may be accomplished by using untested females that have just completed their first year of production.It will make possible the testi
11、ng of the females as well as the males.nEach pen is headed by one of the males to be tested.第8页,共51页。Application of progeny test to production breedingnThe average production of the daughters is used as a basis for comparison of the ability of the males to transmit egg production tendencies.nBy the
12、same method it is possible to compare the females within a single pen,and since all of their daughters receive the genetic determiners for egg production on the paternal side from a single male.第9页,共51页。Prepotency indexnIf the males to be compared have not been mated to females of similar egg record
13、s some compensation must be made for the variability in the dams records.nAn index value which might be called the“prepotency index”may be utilized in poultry breeding.nInstead of using the average production of the daughters as a basis for comparing the transmitting abilities of males,the average r
14、ecords of both their daughters and mates are considered.第10页,共51页。Prepotency indexnThe first step in calculating a males prepotency index is to compute the average production of the daughters of each female mated with him.nThe resulting average may be considered a measure of the combined transmittin
15、g tendencies of the pair of birds involved.nThe dams inherited tendencies for egg production are indicated by her individual egg record,but the males tendencies are unknown.第11页,共51页。Prepotency indexnThe difference between the record of a female and those of her daughters should supply some clue as
16、to her mates ability to transmit egg-production tendencies.nA males breeding value is estimated as follows:nA males prepotency index is then the average of the estimations obtained from the groups of daughters of his various mates.)(21MDDAFFAPI 第12页,共51页。Prepotency indexnBy use of the index i t is p
17、ossible to compare males mated to females of varying production,but it should be realized that the attempted corrections are sources of considerable error.nIt is much better,wherever possible,to compare only males whose mates are as nearly comparable as possible.第13页,共51页。Prepotency index第14页,共51页。D
18、ifficulty in application of progeny testnOne of the most serious handicaps in the application of the progeny test to production breeding is the long period of time required to make the test.If a male is used as soon as he reaches sexual maturity,or at approximately one year of age,he will be startin
19、g his fourth year before the test is completed on his first group of daughters.nMany breeders use supposedly valuable males repeatedly while the progeny test is being obtained and then discard unsuccessful blood lines and concentrate on the proved ones.This procedure involves rather extensive facili
20、ties and much lost motion.第15页,共51页。A SHORT-CUT PROGENY TESTnAny method which will provide a reasonably accurate progeny test and avoid the loss of the second years service while awaiting the results from a birds first group of offspring is of considerable value.nFortunately the influence of two of
21、the most important factors having a bearing on the annual egg record may be checked upon during the early part of the pullets laying year.These two are age at first egg and intensity(rate of laying).第16页,共51页。A SHORT-CUT PROGENY TESTnResults of studies have shown the correlation coefficient between
22、the early months production of a pullet and her annual record to be relatively high in the White Leghorn breed.nFor making a short-cut application of the progeny test,the intensity during the first 30 days and the age at first egg can be used as the criteria to select cocks.The period of 30 days has
23、 been chosen since it is long enough to give a dependable average.第17页,共51页。家禽的配种n 家禽的选配家禽的选配n 经过性能测定经过性能测定,选出优秀的个体或家系作为种禽选出优秀的个体或家系作为种禽,如何如何将它们的优秀性状通过公母配种遗传给下一代将它们的优秀性状通过公母配种遗传给下一代,这就这就是选配的问题是选配的问题.n 选配是选择的继续选配是选择的继续:选配恰当选配恰当,可大大发挥种禽的作用可大大发挥种禽的作用;n 选择也是选配的继续选择也是选配的继续:选配是否恰当选配是否恰当,得依靠选择来判得依靠选择来判断断.n
24、 选配与选择一样选配与选择一样,都是要改变群体中的基因频率都是要改变群体中的基因频率,通过选通过选配配,可以使后代中基因的纯合型或杂合型增加或减少、可以使后代中基因的纯合型或杂合型增加或减少、或保持不变或保持不变第18页,共51页。家禽的配种n家禽的选配(相关概念)n已鉴定群:经后裔测定已两年半或以上的种禽。n续鉴定群:经同胞姐妹和本身一年半资料鉴定,需继续作后裔鉴定的一年半或以上的种禽。n初鉴定群:满42周龄已初步鉴定的种母禽,如为公禽则按全同胞、半同胞姐妹42周龄成绩初选。第19页,共51页。家禽的配种n家禽的选配家禽的选配1、同质选配:或称相似交配,指具有相同生产、同质选配:或称相似交配
25、,指具有相同生产性能或同属高产的个体间交配。性能或同属高产的个体间交配。n同质选配可增加亲代与后代和后代全同胞间同质选配可增加亲代与后代和后代全同胞间的相似性,可增加后代中纯合基因型的频率。的相似性,可增加后代中纯合基因型的频率。第20页,共51页。家禽的配种2、异质选配:或称不相似交配,指具有不、异质选配:或称不相似交配,指具有不同生产性能特点或性状的个体间交配。同生产性能特点或性状的个体间交配。n异质选配可增加后代中杂合基因型频率,异质选配可增加后代中杂合基因型频率,降低后代与亲代的相似性,异质选配的后降低后代与亲代的相似性,异质选配的后代群体中会出现比较一致的生产性能和与代群体中会出现比
展开阅读全文