托福核心语法教程课件.pptx

1、Introduction Who am I and who are you？Sonic Beyond Why do we learn grammar for iBT Toefl?For essential preparation How do we learn grammar for iBT Toefl?making study serve the practical purpose.学以致用Introduction Section 1 结构 Section 2 词法U1名词 U10单复数 U13代词 U11冠词 U14比较级 U15介词 U18构词 U19形近词 Section 3 语法U2

2、 动词 U3不定式及动名词 U12主谓一致 U16词序 U17平行结构 U20标点 Section 4 句法U4 分句和从句 U5连接 U6状语从句 U7定语从句 U8 名词性从句 U9条件句Section 1 结构 Sentence Structures 1.1 主+谓（不及物动词）1.2 主+谓+表语（系动词）1.3 主+谓+宾（及物动词）1.4 主+谓+宾+宾补 1.5(1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 (2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾 Section 1 结构 1.1 主+谓（不及物动词）Man can think.The fire is burning.常用不及物动词有break,bre

3、athe,burn,smoke,swim,skate,appear,disappear,work,think,etc.Section 1 结构 1.2 主+谓+表语（系动词）He became a scientist.She is getting more and more beautiful.常用系动词：be,get,turn,feel,seem,appear,look,taste,sound,smell,become,go,prove,etc.Section 1 结构 1.3 主+谓+宾（及物动词）We love peace.They will paint the door.常用动词有：s

4、ee,watch,need,love,like,study,answer,carry,etc.Section 1 结构 1.4 主+谓+宾+宾补 We elected him president.They painted the door white.I advised the students to recite the texts.常见的宾补形式：名词形容词副词 不定式动名词 介词短语名词性从句Section 1 结构1)名词：The couple named their baby Johnson.2)形容词：I keep the door open.3)副词：The naughty bo

5、y knocked the bottle over.4)不定式：He ordered his men to fire.5)分词：He heard me singing.I saw the vase broken.6)介词短语：They look on him as a teacher.7)名词性从句：I asked him what he was doing.Section 1 结构 1.5 双宾语 (1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 My friend bought me a gift.I passed him the book.(2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾 My friend bought

6、 a gift for me.I passed the book to him.Section 1 结构 Sentence Structures 1.1 主+谓（不及物动词）1.2 主+谓+表语（系动词）1.3 主+谓+宾（及物动词）1.4 主+谓+宾+宾补 1.5(1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 (2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾 Section 2 词法 Unit 1 名词 Unit 10 单复数 Unit 13 代词 Unit 11 冠词 Unit 14 比较级 Unit 15 介词 Unit 18 构词 Unit 19 形近词Unit 1 名词 1.1名词结构（P8）名词 名词短语 代词

7、动词不定式 动名词 名词性从句简单名词（词法）非谓语 （语法）从句 （句法）Unit 10 名词单复数 可数名词与不可数名词。1.个体名词：man,teacher,student 2.集体名词：class,team,army.3.物质名词：milk cotton air 4.抽象名词：love happiness lifeUnit 10 名词单复数 10.1 可数名词规则变化（P129）直接加-s 或者 es wishes,matches,days,birds 辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i+es countries,families,parties 变f为v+es knife-knives,l

8、ife-lives,shelf-shelves leaf-leaves,loaf loaves,wife-wives Unit 10 名词单复数 10.2 可数名词不规则变化 人和动物身体部位学术学科名词 10.3 不可数名词 抽象名词物质名词整体类别Unit 13 代词 13.1人称代词第一人称单I me my mine myself 复we us our ours ourselves 第二人称单you you your yours yourself 复you you your yours yourselves 第三人称单he him his his himself she her her

9、hers herself it it its its itself 复they them their theirs themselves Unit 14 形容词副词比较级 14.1 比较级的变化 14.2 同级 asas 和 一样 not asas 和不一样 almost/just/twice asas 比较级的一些其他用法 1,The+比较级.the+比较级 表示越来越.The more,the better.The faster we go,the sooner we arrive 2.比较级+and+比较级 表示越来越 The bus ran faster and faster.The

10、boy is growing taller and taller.比较级的修饰语:much a lot far a little a bit.She is a bit taller than I.Tom did the job far better than Mary.The crops are growing far better than last year.U15 介词 15.1 介词短语 介词短语介词名词结构 15.2 介词短语的功能 形容词：介词短语做后置定语 副词：介词短语做状语 15.3 介词的意义 15.4 固定表达U15 介词 15.5 复合介词 介词短语介词名词结构 15.

11、2 介词短语的功能 形容词：介词短语做后置定语 副词：介词短语做状语 15.3 介词的意义Unit 15 介词 15.4 固定表达 betweenand fromto 15.5 复合介词 相当于一个介词，加名词后构成介词短语 15.6 短语动词（vi）15.7 带介词的adj.Unit 18 构词Unit 19 形近词 19.1 发音相近的词 advice/advise;alike/like;almost/most;beside/besides;especially/special;hard/hardly;lay/lie;near/nearly;raise/rise/arise;set/sit

12、;than/then;their/there 19.2 意义相近的词 19.3 数量的表达Section 2 语法 U2 动词 U3不定式及动名词 U12主谓一致 U16词序 U17平行结构 U20标点Unit 2 动词 2.1 动词的时态 2.2 动词的语态 2.3 动词的情态时态专题：一般现在时 一、一般现在时的用法 1.表示经常发生的动作，存在的状态或日常习惯。常与every day,often,always，sometimes 等连用。I go to Britian every year.I am a teacher.2.表示主语的性格，能力特征The students of the

13、universities like English very much.My daughter sings very well.My brother works very hard3.表示客观事时或普遍真理The sun rises in the eastTwo and two is four第三人称单数的构成 1.一般在词尾加s.Work-works live-lives play-plays 2.以 sh.ch.s.o.结尾加-es Wash-washes teach-teaches dress-dresses 3.以辐音字母加y结尾,变y为i加-es.Study-studies fly-

14、flies try-tries一般现在时否定式 1.在be动词后加not Are not=arent is not=isnt 2.主语+dont+动词原形。主语+doesnt+动词原形 Bill likes parties.Bill doesnt like parties We study English hard We dont study English hard.一般现在时疑问式 1.将be动词提到句首。He is a teacher They are students Is he a teacher?Are they students?2.在句首加Does 或 DoThey study

15、 English.Do they study English?He lives in Australia.Does he live in Australia?时态专题：现在进行时 1.用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。They are watching TV in the living room.He is listening to the radio.I am reading English.构成 主语+be+现在分词 现在分词的构成：1)在动词原形后+ing.watch-watching talk-talking Go-going tell-telling 2)重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音

16、字母，双写这一字母+ing Win-winning sit-sitting swim-swimming begin-beginning 3)以不发音e结尾，去e+ing.give=-giving move-moving Have-having take-taking现在进行时与一般现在时的区别 一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，而现在进行时表示在此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。They always go out on Sundays,but this Sunday they are staying at home.有些动词是不能用于现在进行时的：see hear,like,love.Prefer

17、,hate want need mean forget know seem believe时态专题：一般将来时1.用法：表示纯属客观将来2.构成：will(shall)+动词原形You will be forty years old next year.Tomorrow will be Sunday.注意；shall I Will you 表示征求对方意见Shall we have a drink?Will you pass me the cup?时态专题：一般过去时 一、用法：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作 二、构成：主语+动词过去式 三、过去式的构成（一）规则动词 1.在动词后+ed work

18、-worked helphelped stay-stayed call-called 2.辅音字母+y 结尾,变y为i+ed study-studied try-tried 3.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这一辅音字母+ed plan-planned admit-admitted 4.以不发音e结尾，+d arrive-arrived live-lived时态专题：现在完成时 现在完成时构成 主语+have(has)+过去分词 过去分词的构成：1.规则动词 (1)在动词后+ed workworked looklooked (2).以e 结尾直接+d arrivearrived live

19、lived 辐音字母+y结尾，变y为 i+ed现在完成时与一般过去时区别一般过去时强调动作本身，包括时间地点。I saw Mary an hour ago.She lost her handbag yesterday 现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在产 生的影响。I have been to the Great wall.I have seen the film.He has lost his key.He has gone out.时态专题：将来进行时 1、用法：表示将来某时正在进行的动作。2、构成：will shall+be+V-ing When you arrive at the air

20、port,a guide will be waiting for you.He will be wearing a dark green shirt.时态专题：将来完成时 1，用法：表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。常与by+时间名词连用.2.构成：will shall+have+过去分词 I will have retired by the year 2019.We shall have finished the work before next Friday.You will have changed your mind by tomorrow.时态专题：过去进行时 一、构成：was

21、were+现在分词 1.He wasnt thinking about what was happening.2.While we were having breakfast,John was talking on the phone.二、用法：1.表示过去某一时间进行的动作。What were you doing yesterday at 7p.m?It was raining all the afternoon.2.表示一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行。When I came in,he was watching TV.时态专题：过去将来时 1.Was/were going to+动词原形

22、 It looked like that he was going to stay.They were going to leave for Britain.2.was/were about to+动词原形 I was about to leave for a visit to Japan.He was about to quit his job.时态专题：一般、进行、完成小结一般：动词原形do（第三人称单数加-s；过去时did）进行：现在分词doing完成：过去分词done过去 现在 将来 一般 The man spoke.The man speaks.The man will speak.

23、进行 The man was speaking.The man is speaking.The man will be speaking.完成 The man had spoken.The man has spoken.The man will have spoken.如何用时态？过去现在将来一般动词带动词带“了了”，且，且有有表示过去的词表示过去的词，如如yesterday,last week等等。动词什么特征都没动词什么特征都没有。有。动词带动词带“将将”、“会会”，且有，且有表示表示将来的词将来的词，如，如tomorrow,next month等等。完成动词含有动词含有“已经已经”的意思

24、，且有的意思，且有表示表示过去的词或动作过去的词或动作，如如came back,went to sleep等等。动词动词仅仅带仅仅带“了了”的动词。的动词。动词含有动词含有“已经已经”的意思，且有的意思，且有表示表示将来的词或动作将来的词或动作，如如will leave,will get等等。现在动词带动词带“正正”、“在在”、“正在正在”，且有且有表示过去的词表示过去的词，如如yesterday,last week等等。动词带动词带“正正”、“在在”、“正在正在”。动词带动词带“正正”、“在在”、“正在正在”，且有且有表示将来的词表示将来的词，如如tomorrow,next month等等。

25、时态否定is/are/was/were+not(+doing)do/does/did+not+dowill+not+dohas/have/had+not+doneUnit 2 动词 动词的语态 主动语态 被动语态被动语态 一、定义：主语是谓语动词的承受者 The gate is locked at 6:00 every night.The English test is marked by Mr.West.二、构成：be+过去分词 1.一般现在时：am,is are+过去分词 2.一般过去时:was,were+过去分词 3.现在进行时:am,is are+being+过去分词 4.现在完成时：

26、have,has+been+过去分词 5.过去完成时:had+been+过去分词 6.一般将来时：will,shall+be+过去分词 7.情态动词:情态动词+be+过去分词 三、用法 1.当不知道或不必提动作的执行者时。The cars are made in Japan.2.Football is played all over the world.Printing was introduced into Europe 2.当强调动作的承受者时 Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.Bill Clinton was elected

27、President of the United States of America in1993.四、带有行为主体的被动结构（by+行为主体）The village was destroyed by a bomb.The printing is very valuable.It was painted by Van Gogh.Exercise:Change the following sentences into the passive.1.The students have invited us to a dance.We have been invited to a dance.2.A f

28、ire might kill the animals.The animals might be killed by a fire.3.The hotel is rebuilding the restaurant.The restaurant is being rebuilt.4.The police brought the child home.The child was brought home.5.His wife calls him darling.He is called darling.五、被动语态的补充用法。It+被动语态+that.常用于该结构的动词有：Say/think/bel

29、ieve/agree/feel/know/report/prove/suggest.It is said that he can speak their language.It is reported that he is still alive.It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.必须：must,should能力：can,could,请求：will,would,can,could,shall猜测：can,could,shall,should,may,might2.3 动词的情态mustwillwouldcanc

30、ouldshallshouldmaymightUnit 2 动词1、去国外留学(going abroad)能使学生扩大(broaden)眼界(horizon)。Going abroad can help students broaden their horizon.2、电视节目要更具教育性(educational)。The TV program should be more educational.3、我们不应忽视人工智能(AI)的坏处。We should not ignore the disadvantage of AI.Unit2 动词 4、艺术项目应由私人团体发展。Program of

31、arts should be developed by private team/group.5、刚毕业的(newly graduated)大学生必须学会如何自己适应(adapt)社会。Newly graduated college students must learn to adapt themselves to the society.6、雇主得为已退休的雇员负责(be responsible for)。The employers must be responsible for the retired employees.Unit 3 非谓语动词 非谓语动词1 不定式2 动名词3 分词U

32、nit3 非谓语动词3.1 动词不定式动词不定式有两种形式：带to不定式 不带to不定式He decided not to do it.Lets not decide now.一.动词不定式时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式:to make to be made 进行式:to be making to be being made 完成式:to have made to have been made I am sorry to have kept you waiting.No harm seems to have been made.This is a day never to be for

33、gotten.不定式的用法 1、不定式作目的状语 The cats and dogs sleep together to keep warm.He went to France to study French.2.不定式作结果状语 He arrived at the cinema only to find that he had seen the film before.He was too excited to sleep.3.不定式作宾语 I asked to see the manager.He wants to be left alone.4.不定式作宾语补足语 The doctor

34、advised him to take a good rest.I heard him sing in the next room.We felt the house shake.I will have you know that I am a qualified engineer.注意不带的to不定式 feel sb.do sth see sb.do sth hear sb.do sth make sb.do sth let sb.do sth have sb.do sth 5.疑问词+不定式 When to start hasnt been decided.I dont know what

35、/which/who to choose.I wondered how/when/where to get in touch with him.The difficulty is what to call our dog.6.不定式作表语 Your mistake was to write the letter.This house is to let.All I did was to press the buttonUnit 3 非谓语动词3.2 动名词 动名词是非谓语动词的一种。动名词可以在句子中作：主语、宾语、表语、定语等。动名词可以有时态：一般式和完成式。动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态

36、和完成式的被动态 1.动名词作主语 Swimming has its law.Learning without practice is not good.动名作主语时有时使用形式主语it Its not good learning without practice.Its worthwhile discussing the questions 2.动名词作表语.Our duty is making instruments.My favourite summer sport is swimming.3.动名词作宾语.They began studying computer last week.H

37、ave you finished repairing the tape recorder?They got excited on hearing the good news.有些动词常要求动名词来作宾语，这些动词有：suggest,finish,avoid,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,delay,practice,consider,excuse,escape,miss,fancy,deny,及短语动词等。有些动词后两者都可跟，但是意思有差别。这些动词如下：remember,forget,regret,try,stop,want 等。remember to do s

38、th:记住去做某事 Please remember to post the letter for me.remember doing sth记得做过某事 I remembered posting the letter.regret to do sth遗憾地做某事 We regret to inform you that you wont be able to attend the class.regret doing sth.后悔做某事 I regretted having done such a thing.stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 Lets stop to chat a

39、 while.stop doing sth 停止做某事 Stop smoking,please.try to do sth 努力去做某事 I will work hard and try to improve.try doing sth 试着做某事 Lets try doing the work this way.在英语中有些动词后要求跟不定式作宾语，这些动词主要有：want,wish,manage,ask,offer,promise,mean,pretend,intend,decide,attempt,learn,desire,agree,choose,determine,expect等。动

40、名词作定语 These passage may be used as listening materials.I have a hearing aid.The reading room of the library is a large square hall.动名词有语态：一般式的被动语态和完成式的被动态 The matter is far from being solved.Before being used the recorder should be tested.After having been treated the water can be used for raising f

41、ish.动名词的逻辑主语 Please excuse my interrupting you.We all thought Li Mings giving up his job a great mistake.Unit 3 非谓语动词3.3 分词 一、分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其区别是：现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示已经完成。boiling water 开着的水 boiled water 开过的水 developing country 发展中国家 developed country 发达国家 2.现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。the exploiting people 剥削人的人 th

42、e exploited people 被剥削的人 二、句法作用 1.做表语 They are interested in music.The news is exciting.2.做定语 The store sells used books only.The floating needle of a compass always points north and south.3.做状语 Working in the plant,we learnt a lot from the workers.Given better instructions,the watermelons could hav

43、e grown bigger.Not knowing her address,I cant visit her personally.When heated,ice will be changed into water.I sat by the window,watching TV and reading books.4.做补足语，常见的动词有find,get have hear keep make let see notice imagine A.做宾语补足语：We saw him going away.All of us heard somebody singing in the next

44、 room.We kept them waiting for a long time.B.做主语补足语：He was seen going away.Somebody was heard singing in the next room.注意分词完成时态：Having taught English for ten years,she knows the grammar very well.Having been given a wrong number,we couldnt contact him over phone.5.分词做独立主格：分词或分词短语带有自己的动作主体。Time permi

45、tting,they will start to do a new job.The experiment finished,we left the lab and went home.分词与不定式在句法上的区别：1）作定语时的区别：主动态分词作定语表示与谓语动作同时发生；而主动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：This is a factory producing computers.A factory to produce computers is being built.被动态的分词表示的动作在谓语动作之前完成；而被动态的不定式表示在谓语动作之后发生。例如：It is one of

46、the problems solved at the meeting.There are many problems to be solved 作补足语时的区别：分词和不定式作补足语都表示与谓语同时发生，但分词强调“动作进行过程”；不定式强调“动作发生的事实”。试比较：现在分词 不定式 I saw her doing the experiment.I saw her do the experiment.She was seen doing experiment.She was seen do experiment.过去分词则表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。例如：We found the work

47、completely done.我们发现工作全做好了。The work was found completely done.发现工作已完全做好了。Section 3 句法 Unit 4 从句 Unit 5 连接 Unit 6 副词从句 Unit 7 形容词从句 Unit 8 名词性从句 Unit 9 条件句Unit 8 名词性从句 名词性从句即指：主语从句，宾语从句表语从句。名词性从句引导词有两类：从属连词 that whether if 疑问词 who,whose,what,which,when,where,why,how It is true that she is an actress.

48、(主语从句)I know that Phillips is a good make.(宾语从句)My idea is that we should stick to our plan.(表语从句)What I d really like is a remote control.(主语从句)主语从句 That she has achieved such fame surprised her.(主语从句)What he did is not yet known.(主语从句)How he wrote that book is a story in itself.(主语从句)It is said th

49、at hes got married.(主语从句宾语从句 I believe that you can get a good quality stereo(宾语从句)Have you considered whether he has signed the contract.(宾语从句)Do you have any idea of what you are looking for?.(宾语从句)表语从句 The fact is that we are behind schedule.(表语从句)The question is whether he has signed the contrac

50、t.(表语从句)What worries me most is that my wife is still in hospital.(表语从句)Unit 6 状语从句 时间 地点 条件 目的 原因 让步 结果15.1 时间状语从句当时当我妈妈正在炒菜时，我回来了。When my mother was cooking,I came back.when=while(doing),as(随着),at the moment that when it comes to 15.1 时间状语从句在之前在他的爸妈回来之前，彼特就已经睡觉了。Before his parents came back,Peter