英语国家概况chapter9课件.ppt

1、America in the Colonial Era the very first AmericansChristopher ColumbusAmerigo VespucciAmerica in the Colonial Era the first successful English colony 1607 Jamestown Virginia1620 Mayflower to avoid the religious persecutionLanded in what is now Plymouth,Massachusetts.America in the Colonial Era 13

2、colonies Boston Tea PartyThe independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed,and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.v In 1773,patriots staged the“Boston Tea Party”in response to the tea tax.v British Parliament then passed The Intolerable Acts:They boarded Brit

3、ish merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.The First Continental Congress The First Continental CongressSeptember,1774A meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia.They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott(抵制)B

4、ritish trade.At the same time,the colonists began to defend themselves.v On April 19,1775 British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen.v The first shot in the American War of Independence The Shot of Lexington The Second Continental CongressHeld in Philadelphia

5、 in May 1775 Assume the functions of a national government Founding Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington.Printing paper money and opening diplomaticrelations with foreign powers.George Washington,a wealthy Virginia planter,was respected as a man of ability and integrity.O

6、nce a colonel in the French and Indian War;One of the few Americans with considerable military experience;Led the continental army to the victory of the Independence War.George Washington The Second Continental CongressvThe Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.v It had two par

7、ts:The first part justified the right of people to rebel against a government that denied them their natural rights.The second part was a detailed indictment of King George for cruelties,crimes and illegal political acts against humanity and America.Declaration of Independence Declaration of Indepen

8、dence On July 4,1776,the Declaration of Independence was signed.It tells of the theory of politics,which later is central to the Western political tradition:Men has a natural right to“Life,Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”.Government can rule only with“the consent of the governed”;Any government

9、 may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people.After being printed,the copies were sent out,broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.The document greatly encouraged the struggling people,making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.They wer

10、e beginning to show more interests in a common cause.Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well.Declaration of Independence It dragged on for seven years.Obstacles for the continental army:No enough supplies.Tired and hungry,while British tr

11、oops fresh and well-equipped.By the middle of December,1776,the Revolution seemed lost.The victory at Saratoga(1777,October)turning point.Process of the WarThe assistance from FranceBenjamin Franklina messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.The French King made two agreements with Frank

12、lin:France would take part in the war against England.They agreed to trade with each other.Spain and Holland joined France against Englanda quick end to the war.Process of the War In 1781,a decisive victory at Yorktown in Virginia On October 19,1781,the British general Cornwallis was forced to surre

13、nder,the war came to an end.The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783America won its independence Process of the War Causes of Civil War Economic reason:two different economic systems Political reasonThe NorthFederal Government as a unionThe SouthThe Confederate Government:the independence of

14、 each state v Two different economic systems existed side by side In the Southslavery was the foundation The slave economyan obstacle to industrial growth and expansion In the Northcommerce and industry led the economy Industrial economy required the restriction of slavery and territory for raw mate

15、rials,markets and labor supply v Economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between North and South.Economic reasonSouthern Cotton PlantationWhitneys Cotton Gin Economic reasonComparison of Power The North:twenty-three states,22 million populationabundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammun

16、ition,clothing,and other suppliesmerchant marines and the navy remained in Union handsfederal government was better able to raise fund for war The South:eleven states,9 million populationmilitary advantages:actively preparing for war in possession of many federal forts and arsenalssuperior military

17、leadership:a third of the regular armys officers were from the Southfighting on its own soilComparison of PowerComparison of PowerThe Fierce Warv On Feb 4,1861,Abraham Lincoln took officev Abraham Lincoln a young man&lawyer in Illinoisbegan his political career by serving four terms in the state leg

18、islature and then one term in the House of Representatives He insisted slavery was evil and should be restricted and ultimately abolishedChallenges Abraham Lincoln faced:first prioritykeeping the United States one country11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimed an independent nationf

19、reedom for black peoplesecondary objective issued the Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言),granting freedom to all slaves.The Fierce War Gettysburgturning point of the warUnion army defeated one Confederate army later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered On April 14,1865 Lincoln was assassinated

20、 by actor John Wilkes Booth.The Fierce WarThe Lincoln Memorial,made of marble from Colorado and Tennessee and limestone from Indiana,stands in West Potomac Park in Washington,D.C.The Fierce War 1)abolished the slave system 2)swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production 3)Americ

21、a became not a collection of semi-independent states,but a single,indivisible nation Influence of the Civil Warv Outbreak of the First World WarInevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers:AlliesBritain,France,and RussiaThe Central European PowersGermany,Austria-Hungar

22、y and Italy The political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.World War IWorld War I World War IGermans submarines sank ships going to England injuring American trade.Germany promised the Mexicans a chance“to regain its lost territory by the war against the US”.After two years fighti

23、ng,both sides grew wearya good chance for America to enter the war.World War Iv US entered the war in 1917 More than 4 million Americans went to the battlefieldplaying an important role in turning the tide of the war:broke German defense line helped the British break German submarine blockadev The G

24、erman Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement v An armistice(停火协议停火协议)was concluded in November 1918 World War Wilson:Fourteen PointsHis attempt to secure the world was in essence an effort to establish the U.S.domination in the world.Versailles Treaty June 28,1919 The booming 1

25、920s The Great Depression In 1929 the stock market crashed,wiping out 40 percent of the paper values of common stock.Depression deepened,many lost their savings By 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock Exchange shrank by over 4/5 Core of the problemimmense disparity between the productive ca

26、pacity and the ability of people to consume Post WWI to the 1940sWithdrawal of CashHoover Village People Waiting for Relief v Franklin D.Roosevelts New DealIn 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program,known as the“New Deal”.It helped the country get out of the depression Post WW

27、I to the 1940s“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”Franklin D.Roosevelt World War II broke out in September,1939 and ended in August,1945.Causes disparity between the imperialists economic crisis the policy of appeasement Background of the warGermany and Italy began their ways of fascism

28、and military expansion.Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.World War IIA sit-on-the-fence policy believe in“glorious isolation”do trade with the warring countries,including the aggressorsIts negative effect:Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe t

29、hat they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US.Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.World War IIv On the morning of December 7,1941,Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor,Hawaii.It was the dir

30、ect cause for Americas entrance into the war.World War II World War II End of WWIIThe US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 9.On September 2,1945,Japan surrendered.World War II The Cold War United Nations in 1945a new and better world would emerge from W

31、orld War II.The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.Post WWII Years v Truman DoctrineIn the Spring of 1947,President Truman declared the“Truman Doctrine”so as to expand American sphere of influence and establish the US hegemony(霸权).This mark

32、ed the beginning of the Cold War.NATO In 1949,the United Statesin company with 11 other powersentered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).v The Korean War The US aggressed Korea in June 1950A ceasefire agreement was signed in the summer of 1953marked the US failure and the end of the w

33、ar.Post WWII Years Korean War Memorial The Vietnam WarA long-time suffering for the US Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and JohnsonIn 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing.Ultimately,a failureIn 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist c

34、ontrol.Post WWII Years Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:Re-establishing US relations with the Peoples Republic of ChinaNegotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union Post WWII Years Richard Nixon&Premier Zhou Enlai Post WWII Years Table Tennis Foreign PolicyNixonfirst

35、 US president visited Beijing.The“Shanghai Communiqu”a new US policy:there was one China;Taiwan was part of China;a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.Post WWII Years President and ScandalWatergate ScandalThe Watergate scandal occurred in 1972.It re

36、mains one of the top presidential scandals of modern time.President and Scandaln To defeat his adversary,Nixon hired five burglars to set up wiretaps to get confidential information in the Democratic National Committee offices;n It was exposed and became the biggest political scandal in the history

37、of America;n Because of the pressure of public,Nixon was impeached and resigned in 1974.America Since 1980s Post WWII Years Bill Clinton George Herbert Walker Bush Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan At sixty nine,Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.Economic program reductio

38、ns in income taxes and business taxes deep cuts in federal spending in every area except defense At the end of his administration,the nation entered into one of the longest periods of sustained economic growth since WW.Post WWII Years v George H.W.BushBush concentrated on social and economic problem

39、s.Two WarsThe Gulf War On August 2,1990,Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait&seized downtown Kuwait City Operation Desert Storm Bush rallied the United Nations and Congress and sent troops to Iraq.Destruction of Iraqi Army:weeks of air and missile bombardment&4 days ground attack Post WWII Years Post WWII Ye

40、ars v Bill Clintonthe third youngest person ever elected as president at forty-six.Economic recoveryWhen he was elected,unemployment7.4%.When voters went to choose his successor in 2000,unemployment3.9%.v NAFTAthe North American Free Trade Agreement among the US,Canada and MexicoCalled for ending re

41、strictions on the flow of goods,services and investmentCalled for the elimination of most import taxes George W.Bush PeriodGeorge W.Bush:The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000During his first term,three major tax cutsSince 2003,America has had the fastest-growing economyUnder his leadership,th

42、e economy growing at rate as fast as any in nearly 20 years.Homeownership rateat a record high.Interest and mortgage ratesnear historic lows.The core rate of inflation over the past year ranks among its lowest in 40 years.America in 21st century The war against terrorismTerrorist Event on September

43、11,2001 Invasion of Iraq On March 19,2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started,supported by small contingents from several other countries.“Trial of century”the trial of Saddam began on October,19,2005 in Baghdad.Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.America in 21st century