英语教学论Chapter4TeachingofLanguageKnowledge1Pronunciation课件.ppt

1、School of Foreign Languages,Sichuan Normal UniversityChapter 4 Teaching PronunciationCui Jian2022-8-16Part 1 How to Teach PronunciationWarm-up:What role does pronunciation play in language learning?What is the goal of teaching pronunciation?What aspects of pronunciation do we need to teach?How can t

2、eachers help the students to improve pronunciation?2022-8-16ContentsThe role of pronunciationThe goal of teaching pronunciationAspects of pronunciationPractising soundsPractising stressPractising intonationConclusion2022-8-16QuestionsAgree/DisagreeStudents need to be able to read International Phone

3、tic Alphabets(IPA).Students need to be able to write International Phonetic Alphabets(IPA).Students need to know phonetics in order to learn English.Poor pronunciation may cause problems for the learning of other skills.Adult learners need to focus on pronunciation,but young learners dont.Both consi

4、stency and accuracy in pronunciation are very important.Stress and intonation are not important for beginning learners.Students should learn Received Pronunciation(RP).Stress in pronunciation is sometimes as important as grammar.Bad intonation can lead to important misunderstandings.2022-8-16The rol

5、e of pronunciationWhether pronunciation needs special attention or focus in language teaching depends on many factors:Learners whose native language has similar sounds to English are less likely to have problems with pronunciation than those whose native language has very different sounds from Engli

6、sh.Learners who have more exposure to English need less focus on pronunciation than those who only learn English in the class.Adult learners need more focus on pronunciation because they are more likely to substitute English sounds with sounds from their native language.2022-8-16The role of pronunci

7、ationOur conclusion:Beginning Chinese learners of English need a certain degree of focus on pronunciation.Great care should be taken to the distinction between pronunciation and phonetics.The teaching of pronunciation should focus on the students ability to identify and produce English sounds themse

8、lves.Phonetic rules regarding what sounds a letter or a cluster of letters should be pronounced are helpful for students to develop ability to cope with English pronunciation and they should be introduced at a suitable stage.Stress and intonation are as important as the sounds themselves and should

9、be taught from the very beginning.2022-8-16The role of pronunciationIdeal Goal(native-like pronunciation)is impractical or unnecessary.The reasons can be the following:CPH:Critical Period Hypothesis The amount of exposure to English Biological and physiological difference2022-8-16The goal of teachin

10、g pronunciationRealistic Goal Since acquiring native-like pronunciation is impractical and unnecessary for our adult students,our realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be:Consistency:the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.Intelligibility:the pronunciation should be understandable t

11、o the listeners.1)Communicative efficiency:the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.2022-8-16The goal of teaching pronunciationPronunciation is an umbrella term covering many aspects,such as sounds and phonetic symbols,stress,intonation,and rhythm.These aspect

12、s are not isolated from each other,but interrelated.Sounds Phonetic symbols Stress Intonation Rhythm 2022-8-16The aspects of pronunciationPractising Sounds2022-8-162022-8-16Practising Soundsvoiceless2022-8-16Practising Sounds When the vocal folds are apart,the air can pass through easily and the sou

13、nd produced is said to be voiceless.Read the following words,please.pair p sir s teacher tvoicing2022-8-16Practising SoundsWhen they are close together,the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be voiced.Read the following words,please.bag b zero z de

14、sk dGlottal stop2022-8-16Practising SoundsWhen they are totally closed,no air can pass between them.The result of this gesture is the glottal stop Read the following words,please.student pardon captain 2022-8-16Practising SoundsConsonants:If the air,once out of the glottis,is obstructed,partially or

15、 totally,in one or more places,the sound is a consonant.Vowels:If the air,once out of the glottis,is allowed to pass freely through the resonators,the sound is a vowelsemi-vowels or semi-consonantsPractising SoundsManners of Articulation:It studies the actual relationship between the articulators an

16、d the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.Places of Articulation:It studies where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.Practising SoundsPlosiveA plosive is articulated with complete closure of the articulators so that the airs

17、tream cannot escape through the mouth.Three phases can be distinguished:The closing phase:The airway closes so that no air can escape through the mouth.The hold or compression phase:The airway stays closed causing a pressure difference to build up.The release phase:The closure is suddenly opened;the

18、 released airflow produces a sudden impulse causing an audible sound.Practising SoundsNasal PlosiveA nasal is a sound produced when the air is allowed to escape through the nose,while its oral passage may be blocked by the lips or tongue(a nasal stop).Examples:monkey nose king m n Practising SoundsF

19、ricativeFricative consonants are produced by air flowing through a narrow channel made by placing two articulating organs close together.Example:feet vary thank soap f v sPractising SoundsApproximantApproximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical cons

20、onants.In the articulation of approximants,articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract,but leave enough space for air to flow without audible turbulence approximants are therefore more open than fricatives.Example year red way j r wPractising SoundsLateral approximantLateral approxima

21、nt is pronounced with obstruction of the airstream at a point along the center of the oral tract,with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.Example:late lPractising SoundsTrillA trill is a type of consonantal sound,which means it is produced by vibratio

22、ns of the tongue against the place of articulation.Practising SoundsTap or flapA flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound,which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another.The main difference between a flap and a stop consonant is that in

23、a flap,there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation.Practising SoundsAffricate An affricate is a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative.Example:child joy t d Practising SoundsBilabial A bilabial is made with the two lips.Examples:pet bag m

24、ap p b mPractising SoundsLabiodental A labiodental is articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth.Examples:fan van f vPractising SoundsDental A dental is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue near or against the upper teeth.Examples:thank those Practising SoundsAlveolar An alveolar

25、 is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.Examples:tap desk nose run sit zoo left t d n r s z lPractising SoundsPostalveolar A postalveolar is articulated with the tip of the tongue between the alveolar ridge and the palate.Examples:ship vision judge child d tPractising S

26、oundsRetroflex A retroflex is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up and back so the bottom of the tip touches the back of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate.Example:red rPractising SoundsPalatal A palatal is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard

27、 palate.Example:yes jPractising SoundsVelar A velar is articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate.Examples:kite get sing k g Practising SoundsUvular An uvular is articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula.Practising SoundsPharyngeal A pharyngeal is ar

28、ticulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.Practising SoundsGlottal A glottal is articulated with the glottis.Examples:half beaten fat h bin fnPractising SoundsVowelsVowels:If the air,once out of the glottis,is allowed to pass freely through the resonators,the sound is a vowel For exa

29、mple:e i uPractising SoundsPractising SoundsVowels are differentiated by some factors:The position of the tongue;The openness of the mouth;The shape of the lips;The length of the vowels.Practising SoundsThe position of the tongueA front vowel is one in the production of which the front part of the t

30、ongue maintains the highest position.i:i e A central vowel is one in the production of which the central part of the tongue that is held highest.:The back vowels are produced if we raise the back of the tongue higher than the rest of it.u:Practising SoundsThe openness of the mouthClose vowels i:i u:

31、Semi-close vowels e :Semi-open vowels :Open vowels :Practising SoundsThe shape of the lipsAll the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded(without rounding the lips).All the back vowels are rounded with the exception of :.Practising SoundsThe length of the soundTense vowels(long vowels)When

32、 we pronounce a long vowel,the larynx is in a state of tension.Lax vowels(short vowels)When we pronounce a short vowel,no such tension occurs,the larynx is quite relaxed.Practising SoundsStress:In every multi-syllable word in English,there is one main emphasised syllable where the vowel sounds longe

33、r and louder than other adjacent syllables,this is called stress.Word stress:Word stress determines how the letters are pronounced and sentence stress makes it necessary to pronounce words differently from when they are read individually.Sentence stress:Sentence stress makes it necessary to pronounc

34、e words differently from when they are read individually.2022-8-16Practising StressOne syllable in words longer than a single syllable is stressed and that syllable is said to have the primary stress.Words written using the phonetic script use an“in front of the syllable to indicate the primary stre

35、ss.For exampledic-tion ar y/dk.n.r.i/pho ne tic/f.n.tk/syll a ble/sl.bl/2022-8-16Practising StressTake three similar words:photographphotographerphotographicWhen we accentuate or stress just ONE syllable the character of the word is changed.2022-8-16Practising Stressin PHO-TO-GRAPH the 1st syllable

36、is stressed /f.t.gra:f/in PHO-TO-GRAPH-ERthe 2nd syllable is stressed/f.t.grf./and in PHO-TO-GRAPH-ICthe 3rd syllable is stressed/f.t.grf.k/2022-8-16Practising StressEnglish speakers and listeners rely on stress to draw attention to the most important and informative ideas in the sentence and to cla

37、rify meaning.qThe words you emphasise depend on which information you want to focus on and are therefore important to listeners.qIf the wrong words are emphasised,listeners can be quite confused about your meaning.2022-8-16Practising StressWith spoken English some content words receive extra stressq

38、This stress can change the underlying meaning of the sentence.qThe full meaning of any utterance is expressed through the stressed words.qEven simple sentences can have several levels of meaning.2022-8-16Practising StressThis simple sentence can have many levels of meaning based on the word you stre

39、ss.Consider the meaning of the following sentences.The stressed words are in LARGE PRINT.1)I I DONT THINK HE WILL PASS THE EXAM TOMORROW Meaning:Somebody else thinks he can pass that exam.2)I DONTDONT THINK HE WILL PASS THE EXAM TOMORROW.Meaning:Its not true that I think he can pass the exam.2022-8-

40、16Practising Stress3)I DONT THINKTHINK HE WILL PASS THE EXAM TOMORROW.Meaning:I dont think he can pass the exam but I not sure.4)I DONT THINK HEHE WILL PASS THE EXAM TOMORROW.Meaning:He cant pass the exam but others can.5)I DONT THINK HE WILLWILL PASS THE EXAM TOMORROW.Meaning:He cant pass the exam.

41、2022-8-16Practising StressIntonation:the rise and fall of the voice during speech.Three commonly-seen tunes in English:A.the falling tune B.the rising tune C:the falling-rising tune2022-8-16Practising IntonationThe falling tune 1.If there is only one word,which is a single-syllable word(e.g.No.),in

42、the word group,the voice falls within the syllable.2.If the word has more than one syllable(e.g.Excellent.),the voice either falls within the stressed syllable or jumps down from that syllable to the next.2022-8-16Practising IntonationThe falling tune 2022-8-16Practising IntonationThe falling tune 2

43、022-8-16Practising IntonationThe rising tune 1.If there is only one word,which is a single-syllable word,in the word group,the voice rises from a low pitch to just above the middle of the voice.2.If the last important word is followed by one or many other syllables,the stressed syllable of the last

44、important word is low,and each following syllable is a little higher,the last one being on a fairly high note.2022-8-16Practising IntonationThe rising tune 2022-8-16Practising IntonationThe rising tune 2022-8-16Practising Intonation2022-8-16Practising Intonation2022-8-16Practising IntonationConclusi

45、on As the question of how much we should aim for standard pronunciation and how we should go about teaching pronunciation is an on-going debate especially in the era of globalization when English has become an international language,teachers should be aware of it and be sensitive to the needs of stu

46、dents when helping them develop acceptable pronunciation for effective communication.2022-8-16ConclusionSome suggestionsUse individual,pair,group and whole class work to create a pleasant,relaxed,and dynamic classroom.Move around the classroom when doing choral practice.Vary the criteria of“good”in

47、pronunciation practice to give students confidence.Bring interests and variety to the practice of pronunciation2022-8-16ConclusionSome suggestionsIt is helpful to do articulation practice more than once.The main criteria for good pronunciation are consistency,intelligibility,and communicative efficiency.Do not rely on explanation,but make full use of demonstrations.Try to use visual aids.2022-8-16Conclusion