高考选词填空-教案.docx

1、第5讲 选词填空近五年考情分析年份题材类别2014交通信号灯包装社会文化类2015办公室设计社会文化类2016好的设计的黄金规则社会文化类2017.6两个公司之前的竞争商务经济类2018.1城堡的历史和发展社会文化类2018.6一些美国词来自汉语社会文化类（注：2017年6月高考为考生回忆版）【考纲解读】选词填空是2014年高考改革出现的新题型之一，由原来的十选九变成十一选十，分值从9分上升为10分。一般来说第一句是文章主题句并且不设空；一般每隔1530个词会有一个空；空与空之间有完整意群，是将词汇的使用和完形阅读紧密结合的一道题型。近年来选词增加了对派生词和合成词的考查，文章难度也逐渐增大，

2、加之单词之间的连带性，牵一发而动全身，因此较难得满分。【考点分析】近五年词性趋势统计年份名词动词形容词副词dodoes-ing-ed2014241/22201532/222/201634/22/2017.621/23122018.131/22122018.632/42/（注：以单词在真题中实际词性为主，未涉及词类活用） 主要考查名词，动词，形容词和副词； 动词是考查重点，尤其是动词的分词变形为主；动词时语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点； 名词与形容词为次重点，每年都有考查；对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰须要学生熟练掌握； 副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考查。它在句中的位置灵活，功能

3、强大，一般是二选一； 近几年来越来越加大派生词和合成词的考核，要求学生根据单词构成的规律正确判断词性和词义。【知识梳理】一、选词填空解题步骤第一步：详读选项，词分类选项中的11个词是考查的关键，考生应该详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是11选1了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选1甚至2选1，缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。注意：1. 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两

4、种可能性(形容词和动词的过去分词), 无法确定时标问号。2. 不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中, 前缀区分意思, 后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的, 暂时搁置。3. 做出相应的标记。在英文中有的单词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit, access, approach, challenge, change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。这时两个都要标出来。4. 以-ing或-ed结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。例如：sleeping “Sheissleeping.”中就是动词。而在“sleepingbeauty”中就是形容词。建议同

5、学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。第二步：略读全文，定中心考生拿到题目以后，由于考查考生对篇章的理解，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的问题。文章大概在220词-250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。第三步：关注逻辑、词义，灵活选可以通过词义判断(即通过同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的

6、词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。注意，在判断词义的过程中关注十一性代词，比如these等词的提示作用，避免主观答题。第四步：复核检查，定结果篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这需要考生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。二、选词填空词性判断概述（一）判断词性的技巧前面提到的“瞻前顾后”就是需要考生根据空格的前后来决定所填词的词性以及应填的正确选项，我们可以根据一些简单的语法知识确定答案。应该说语法知识是解词汇理解题的基础。 1. 确定空格为名词 (1) a /an/t

7、he+n. , adj.+n. , vt.+n. , 即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词； (2) n.+v., 即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)； (3) prep.+n., 即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。 2. 确定空格为动词 (1) n./pron. vt. n./pron., 即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为及物动词； (2) n./pron. vi. , 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词； (3) n./pron. vi. adv.

8、/prep., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配； (4) n./pron. link v./be. adj., 即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词； (5) to v. , 即空格处前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。 3. 确定空格为形容词 (1) adj.+n. 或n.+adj. , 即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词； (2) adv.+adj. , 即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词； (3) link/be v.+ad

9、j., 即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。 4. 确定空格为副词 (1) adv.+v. 或v.+adv. , 即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词； (2) adv.+adj., 即空格处后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。 （二）利用逻辑关系词确定答案 在篇章词汇理解题目中，文章的逻辑关系对于考生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的逻辑关系通过一些逻辑关系词体现的，考生可以通过逻辑关系词来确定出一些答案。 常见的逻辑关系词如下： (1) 并列关系：and, or, as well as 等 (2) 对比关系：but, however, on the contra

10、ry, rather than 等 (3) 比较关系：asas, like, similar 等 (4) 因果关系：because, for, since, as a result of, therefore, thus 等 (5) 举例关系：for example, for instance, such as, and so on 等 (6) 递进关系：and, whats more, moreover, in addition 等 （三）比较填词 将词性分类后，如何确定哪个选项是正确答案呢？这就需要考生进行选项间的比较，比较同词性的词汇哪一个是最佳答案。这里提示考生可以通过词义判断(即通过

11、同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。这里还要提示考生，填入一个词就划掉一个，为下面的选词缩小范围。 三、近五年选词填空考点汇总年份一词多义一词多性固定搭配2014commit v. 犯罪；保证impose v. 强加；征税simply adv. 简单地；仅仅alert a. 警觉的；v. 报警；n.警报label n.标签；v, 贴标签signal n.信号；v. 发信号commit oneself to致力于in moderation 适中地2015无acce

12、ss n. 入口；v. 进入function n. 功能；vi. 运转separate a. 分开的；v. 分开access to 有权使用alternatives to 替代方法2016intended v. 打算；旨在account n. 账户；记叙；理由；v. 解释；占比capture n. 捕获物；v. 俘获；夺得direct a. 直接的；v. 指导experiment n.实验；vi. 做实验take sth. into account 考虑2018.1overlook v. 忽视；俯视address n. 地址；演说；v. 处理；向说话；寄给无2018.6commit v. 犯罪

13、；保证superiors n. 上级；较好的人contact n.& v. 联系无【真题拾遗】上海2014高考真题A. alert B. classify C. commit D. delicately E. gentle F. imposeG. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simplyLets say youve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you dont have time to carefully plan menus for meals or re

14、ad food _41_ at the supermarket. Since you really_42_ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldnt it? This is where a choice architect can help_43_some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers

15、make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled upis a choice architect.Governments dont have to_44_healthier lifestyles through laws-for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an

16、 environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with_45_hin

17、ts from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called traffic light system to _46_foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each prod

18、uct contains_47_by looking at the lights on the package. A green light _48_that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be_49_; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in _50_. The customer is gi

19、ven important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.【答案】4145 GCIFE 4650 BKJAH【解析】41. G 本题考查名词搭配。由于在超市里，所以是阅读食物标签（labels）。故选G。42. C 本题考查动词短语搭配。根据所给词汇以及yourself to a healthier lifestyle，只有commit yourself to（承诺）符合句意。故选C。43. L 本题考查动词用法。根据后面内容some of the burden of doing it all yo

20、urself以及前面动词help可知此空应填relieve（减轻），构成“能够有助于减轻独自做这事的一些负担”。故选L。44. F 本题考查动词用法。根据句子逻辑，此句意思为“政府不必通过法律来强加（impose）更健康的生活方式，如戒烟”。故选F。45. E 本题考查形容词用法。根据设空，本空填形容词，而alert（警觉的）不符合句意，只有gentle（文雅的）符合句意。故选E。46. B 本题考查动词短语用法。本句句意为“英国和瑞典政府引进了所谓的交通灯系统来吧食物分类为健康的或不健康的”，短语classify as表示“把分类为”，故选B。47. K 本题考查副词用法。根据custome

21、rs can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains_47_by looking at the lights on the package（顾客们只要看包装上的指示灯一眼就能看出每一个产品含有多少脂肪、糖和盐）可知，此空填simply。故选K。48. J 本题考查动词用法。由于空后所接的是宾语从句，所以该空填及物动词，结合后面indicates的意思可知，该空填signals（表示）。故选J。49. A 本题考查形容词用法。根据前面“绿灯表示三种营养的量是健康的”可知“黄灯表示三种营养的量可能有问题

22、”，因此消费者应当留心（alert）。故选A。50. H 本题考查名词词义。根据句子red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients（红灯意味着至少三个营养中的一个是高的）可知，这样的食物应当有节制地（in moderation）吃。故选H。上海2015高考真题A. access B. alternatives C. assigned D. confirmed E. conflicting F. elementsG. function H. innovative I. prospective J. se

23、parate K. supportingConsidering how much time people spend in offices, it is important that work spaces be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporations image. They motivate workers, and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential or 41 customers. They

24、make businesses work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture we live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers have come up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed offi

25、ce setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies(等级制度)have flattened, or decreased, office designers response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable loc

26、ations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been 44 by changes in workstation design. Office and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new designs allow for expa

27、nsion or movement of desks, storage and equipment within the workstation. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by lowing the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places, and upgraded employees 47 to heavily trafficked are

28、as such as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employee hierarchies and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be ba

29、lanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish or promote a companys image and will enable employees to 49 at their best.All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like a good marriage the well-designed office and the employee

30、s that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.【答案】4145 IBHDC 4650 JAEGF【解析】41.I本题考查形容词。根据划线部分前面的单词potential（形容词，潜在的）和or（表并列，意为或者），可以知道答案是一个形容词且意思和潜在的是相近的。结合备选答案及单词意思，只有prospective（adj.未来的;预期的;可能的;有希望的;）符合。42. B本题考查名词。根据划线部分后面的介词to,答案是一个和to构成的搭配，符合条件的只有access（n.可进入）和alternatives（n.选择），根据语义“办公室设计

31、师想出了相对于过去传统的工作坏境的不同选择”可知答案。43. H 本题考查形容词。根据划线部分后面的名词solutions（解决办法）可以知道该空应该是填一个形容词，又根据划线部分前面的代词These可以知道，后面所说的内容其实是指代前一句话的内容“设计工厂已经把一个固定的办公室转变为一个创造性地灵活环境”。备选答案中能够和创造性同义的词就只有这个选项innovative革新的。44. D本题考查动词。根据划线部分前面的has also been以及划线部分后面的by changes，这是典型的被动语态的结构形式have/has been done by sth.所以可以知道答案选项应该是过去

32、分词形式。备选的答案有assigned（分派）；confirmed（确认），根据句意可以知道答案是confirmed。45. C 本题考查动词。同44题分析，答案也是过去分词形式，此处填assigned（分派），通过语义复查“办公室和工作室通常不会永远分派给一个指定的人”符合。46. J本题考查动词。划线部分是定语从句修饰先行词walls,根据语法知识可知此处填及物动词原形，备选答案只有separate（分开）符合。47. A本题考查名词。根据划线部分前面的employees这个名词所有格及划线部分后的介词，可以知道这个空格要填名词形式。如果从搭配的角度来看，基本可以确定答案为access,

33、access to的意思是进入。如果按照意思来排除，也可以知道答案是access。本句意为“设计者也创造了一个非正式的聚会地方，同时也更新了员工进入如复印室和咖啡屋之类的地方。” 48. E 本题考查形容词。根据划线部分后面可知该空填和competing并列的形容词修饰demands（要求），答案只有conflicting（有冲突的）符合。49. G本题考查动词。本句意为“这种要求要注意均衡内饰的需要和使得员工起到最好的作用，内饰在一定程度上，可以加强，建立或促进公司的形象。”根据划线部分前面的to，结合搭配enable sb to do sth可以知道空格填动词形式，而且是原形。到现在的备选

34、答案只有function，所以答案就是它了。另外，要注意function可以做不及物动词及名词。50. F 本题考查名词。根据划线部分的前面是these，后面是of可以知道空格要填的是一个名词形式。再根据these的指代作用，知道这个名词应该是一个还有概括意义的词。综合上面的题目，剩下的备选答案是elements（要素）和supporting（支持），其中supporting词性不对，这也表明supporting是多余的那种选项。所以答案是elements.本句意为“所有的这些办公室要素都有关联”。上海2016高考真题A. account B. adjustable C. appliances

35、 D. capture E. decorations F. direct G. experiment H. intended I. operated J. soulless K. squeezeGolden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand

36、 the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient mean

37、s. Design should avoid unnecessary 42 .More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can

38、be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a products function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. I

39、t needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He beli

40、eves design must take into 49 the sensory side of our naturesight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important asrational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.【答案】4145 DEJGC 4650 HBF

41、AK【解析】41. D本题考查动词。capture这里表示“抓住；控制”，动词的宾语部分是the essentials of good design（优秀设计的本质）。这些年来，设计者和美术工作者们一直在努力抓住优秀设计的本质。42. E本题考查名词。decoration表示“装饰物”，decorations作动词avoid（避免）的宾语。设计应该避免不必要的装饰品。43. J本题考查形容词。soulless表示“死板的；无生气的”，soulless修饰design，soulless design表示死气沉沉的设计，soulless与前面的simplicity相互照应。美国出生的建筑师Robe

42、rt Venturi总结说如果简明是差劲地做出的简明，那么结果会是毫无生机的设计。44. G本题考查动词短语。experiment with表示“测试；试验”，动词的宾语为decoration and color（装饰和色彩）。后现代设计师开始再次尝试装饰和颜色。45. C本题考查名词。appliance在这里表示“家用器具”。本句中的名词组合kitchen appliances（厨房器具）与后面的名词组合ovens and kettles（烤箱和水壶）相互照应。产品设计为这种观点所严重影响，而这种设计可以在如烤箱和水壶这类厨房器具中看到。46. H本题考查动词。intend表示“打算；想要；

43、有意设计”，动词intend在句中的宾语为宾语从句的连接代词what，动词intend与前文的a products function, purpose, shape, form, color（一个产品的功能、目的、形状、式样、颜色）有相关性。对于使用者来说最重要的是产品实现想要的功能。47. B本题考查形容词。adjustable表示“可调整的”，修饰名词组合desk lamp，adjustable desk lamp表示“可调整的台灯”，adjustable与后文的regular adjustments相互照应。例如，考虑一个可调节的台灯。它需要用可以抵挡灯的热量和使用者常规调整的材料制成。

44、48. F本题考查动词。direct在这里表示“投射；投向”。句中动词的宾语为light（灯光）。最重要的是，它需要把光照到需要的位置。49. A本题考查名词。account用于动词短语take into account，表示“考虑”。他相信设计必须考虑到我们天性的感官方面视觉、嗅觉、触觉和味觉。50. K本题考查动词。squeeze表示“挤压”，句中动词squeeze的宾语为toothpaste（牙膏）。当选择牙膏类的日常用品时，我们欣赏一件外观清爽的可以让我们把牙膏方便地挤到牙刷上的设计品。上海2018年1月真题A.address B. fascination C.governed D.

45、imposing E.offensive F.originally G.overlooking H. rebellion I.reminder J. randomly K.swept CastlePalaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in

46、 mind. When it comes to structures that are both 31 and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the 32 of our culture.Castles were 33 built in England by Norman invaders

47、in 1066. As William the Conqueror 34 through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English 35 . Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed