高考完形填空之说明文-教案.docx

1、第6讲 完形填空之说明文课前热身AlphaGo has struck again, defeating Ke Jie, the worlds number one Go player, 3-0. After his defeat, the young Chinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the _41_ of Go while he could only see a small area around him. This win, coupled with last years victory over Lee Se-dol, shines a light on

2、 the awe-inspiring _42_ of technology and places AlphaGo among the greatest Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems created to date.The AI industry is certainly making great advancements, constantly surprising the public with new and interesting tools and making life _43_. Twenty years ago, just connec

3、ting to the Internet was a _44_. Now, we can do just about anything on our phones, from online banking to _45_ shows. The shifting sands of technology have placed so many paths in front of humanity that it is hard to _46_ even the immediate future.41. A. fun B. secretC. universeD. potential42. A. in

4、telligence B. advancementsC. risksD. threats43. A. easier B. slowerC. harderD. faster44. A. mess B. headacheC. lossD. leisure45. A. live B. instantC. immediateD. direct46. A. tell B. frameC. predictD. encounter参考答案：41-46: CBABAC年份题量分值考点题型201515题 15分 高频词汇在具体语境中的运用，段落的逻辑性完形填空201615题 15分文章主旨大意的整体把握，高频词

5、汇在文中使用完形填空【考纲解读】 近五年上海英语高考对于完形填空的考查题量一直保持在15题，总分值为15分，每小题1分。主要以语篇挖空的形式考查对于文章主旨大意的整体理解和把握、高中词汇的识记与理解，尤其是形近词的辨析、词汇在具体语境中的运用、句子之间以及段落之间的逻辑关系等。要求考生在掌握一定词汇量的基础上，能对词在句子、段落乃至文章中的具体意思和运用有较为深刻的认识与理解，同时要求考生从文章的全局出发，把握文章的主旨大意和上下文的逻辑关系。 对于说明文的完形填空，首先要找准说明对象，把握说明对象的主要特征和具体特点。从文章的全局出发，联系上下文，把握上下句之间的逻辑关系，所选的每一个选项，

6、都要紧紧围绕说明对象的主要特征和具体特点，抓住上下文中的关键词句，深入理解说明对象，才能选出正确答案。【考点分析】考点一：上下文逻辑Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar_57_, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip. （2014年上海高考英语真题）

7、57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result考点分析：正确理解空格之前notbecause的意思，理解为“我们花费三分之二的时间去闲聊不是因为我们会说话”空格之后的句子意思是“我们闲聊是因为语言的发展”。由此可见，上下文是对比关系，因此C为正确选项，表示“相反地”。考点二：同类词复现Consider the picture painted by a UNICEF review of existing research into the effects of digital technology on c

8、hildrens _44_ comforts, including happiness, mental health and social life. Rather than stating that social media was harmful, it suggested a more _45_effect. （2018年黄浦二模）44. A. domestic B. material C. physical D. psychological考点分析：下文including之后的happiness, mental health等词都是和情感心理方面有关的，在四个选项中，psycholog

9、ical这个形容词是including后面词的概括归纳，属于同类词。因此本题选D.考点三：段落主旨The _60_KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromonesnatural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones

10、 can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling _61_to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as_62_as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones con

11、sciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.（2014年上海高考英语真题）60. A. NoseB. EyeC. HeartD. Hand考点分析：第60空所在短语是下段内容的小标题。要选对，必须概括下段的段落大意。根据段落中Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction.这句话可知，嗅觉在人类吸引力方面似乎起到了作用，因此本题选A.考点四：词汇、段落句子之间

12、的对应Start with the practical arguments. Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very_43_. Britons think themselves surrounded by foreign plants. _44_, Britains invasive plants are not widespread, not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a(n) _45_ than vigorous native plan

13、ts. （2017年浦东一模）45. A. attraction B. dominance C. annoyanceD. substitute考点分析：要选对45空，必须找准词汇、段落和句子之间的对应。根据上下文，“英国侵入性植物并不是广泛波及，其速度也不是特别快”，再结合上文对侵入性物种的实际描述可知，其扰人的程度未必比得上那些有活力的当地植物。从这种对应关系判断，填入45空的应该是一个贬义词，由此推断此题选C.知识精讲2015年上海高考英语真题If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tri

14、ed to determine their meaning, you would not detect a deep interest in romance among the artists. _ 51_, you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.In modern times, when food is available in g

15、rocery stores, finding love is more _ 52_to peoples lives. The_ 53_is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotiona

16、l state, can be _ 54_. They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that _ 55_attract, too. One thing is certai

17、n: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.First ImpressionTo help determine the _ 56_ of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each others individuality. Then students were asked to _ 57_what kind of relation

18、ship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.As it turned out, their_ 58_judgments often held true. Students seemed to_ 59_at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.The _60_KnowsScientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase unde

19、rstanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromonesnatural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling _ 61_to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem

20、 to be as_62_as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.Face ValueBein

21、g fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for _ 63_. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the s

22、ame faces. The way we _ 64_ attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic.When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to _ 65_words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.51. A. InsteadB. The

23、reforeC. MoreoverD. Otherwise【参考答案】A【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】观察空格前后的句式结构，前面用的是you would not detect , 后面用的是you would see。原文前后两句是替代关系，故选instead。52. A. romanticB. stressful C. centralD. beneficial【参考答案】C【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】 根据句意，当代人物质生活的富足之后，对精神层面的追求就成为了中心。Central 与前文center相对应。原文Life for ancient people seemed

24、 to center on hunting.In modern times, finding love is more central to peoples lives.53. A. priorityB. proofC. possibilityD. principle【参考答案】B【考查内容】对上下文逻辑关系的理解【试题解析】根据后面两句话，结合语境、句意。原文译为要列举出现代与爱有关的故事很容易。所以此处为Proof 证据。54. A. testedB. imposedC. changedD. created【参考答案】D【考查内容】词义辨析【试题解析】根据本段的最后一句话“One thin

25、g is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone，再结合理解。此处译为：研究人员正在研究爱这种被高度重视的情感状态是否能被人为创造。55. A. appearancesB. virtuesC. similaritiesD. passion【参考答案】C【考查内容】对上下文逻辑关系的理解【试题解析】根据前文的opposites以及but逻辑关系词。代入原文中Similarities attract 与 opposites attract 对应。56. A. illustrationsB. implicationsC. ingre

26、dientsD. intensions【参考答案】C【考查内容】词义辨析【试题解析】根据第一个小标题以及后文可知。illustrations 插图; implications 含义；暗示；ingredients 要 素；intensions强度；烈度。D项符合题意。题意为吸引力有哪些要素。57. A. predictB. investigateC. diagnoseD. recall【参考答案】 A【考查内容】词义辨析【试题解析】根据后文的After nine weeks。由后文after nine weeks,可知，之前是预测结果，故填predict.58. A. criticalB. in

27、itialC. randomD. mature【参考答案】B【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】根据上文以及本句句意，表示最初的判断。Initial最初的。本句意为：结果他们最初的判断往往是正确的。59. A. memorizeB. distinguishC. negotiateD. question【参考答案】B【考查内容】动词词义辨析【试题解析】根据上下文或者语意复现可知，“学生似乎能够在早期区别适合他们的生活的人”。Memorize记住；distinguish 辨别；negotiate谈判；question质疑。本句意为：学生似乎在很早的阶段就能辨别谁会是他们生命中最合适的人。60.

28、A. NoseB. EyeC. HeartD. Hand【参考答案】A【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】根据下面文章出现的smell。根据下文指出的smell在人际交往中的重要性可知这里填nose。61. A. openB. alertC. resistantD. superior【参考答案】A【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】根据前面的either or，表明此处是一个反义表达。前面使用的是fight后面应该是与之相反的意思。Either.or.中连接的Open与前文fight构成两个相反的状态。62. A. disappointedB. amazedC. confusedD. gi

29、fted【参考答案】D【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】 根据前文的in contrast知道前后句的逻辑关系，或者是根据后文的Although we may not be aware of。此处为转折。本句意为：然而，在察觉这种化学品方面，人类似乎并不像其他动 物那样有天赋。63. A. emotionsB. attractivenessC. individualityD. signals【参考答案】B【考查内容】对本段主旨的把握【试题解析】根据上一句话最后一个单词attractive，结合上下文可知。本段的高频词为attractiveness.根据上下文意思可知此空为填attracti

30、veness64. A. enhanceB. possessC. maintainD. assess【参考答案】D【考查内容】动词词义辨析【试题解析】前文说的是研究者做的吸引力实验，最后得出的结论就是我们评估吸引力的方式方法是自动的。Assess评估。根据上文那些只有0.013秒的人和那些有更多时间来研究同样的脸的人脑海中的形象一般是一样的。可知此处为评估脸的吸引力。Enhance提高；possess拥有；maintain维持均不符合题意。65. A. familiarB. plainC. positiveD. insulting【参考答案】C【考查内容】对上下文的理解【试题解析】famili

31、ar意为熟悉，plain 意为普通的，positive意为积极的， irritating 意为无礼的。根据最后一句的表达“Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking. 看一些有吸引力的事情似乎能够导致快乐的思考。”能得出答案应该是一种快乐思考，所以答案为positive积极的。2016年上海高考英语真题In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theor

32、y X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _51_ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the _52_, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, _53_,

33、 that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _54_ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of _55_ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cult

34、ures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to _56_ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which ar

35、e based on general _57_. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _58_ managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their ow

36、n without _59_ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: _60_ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be _61_ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact

37、with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has _62_ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to _63_ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, ra

38、ther than less.Another trend is off-site or _64_ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the _65_ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on

39、 them.51. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 【参考答案】D【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】考查上下文串联。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。52. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 【参考答案】A【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】短语to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extre

40、me走向极端。在文章首段中提及X理论认为大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，没有什么雄心壮志。而Y理论的观点是每个人都有潜力在工作中找到满足感。因此，这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。53. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise【参考答案】B【考查内容】上下文逻辑关联的判断【试题解析】本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。54. A. outsideB.

41、 insideC. belowD. above 【参考答案】D【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。55. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 【参考答案】C【考查内容】文章大意的把握【试题解析】根据第二段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，选择C选项“manage管理”，即不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确

42、。 56. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply【参考答案】B【考查内容】动词词组辨析【试题解析】短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。57. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression【参考答案】A【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】名词agreement一致意见；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印

43、象。句意：亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。定语从句的先行词为such Asian ways, 故A选项agreement正确。 58. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 【参考答案】D【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】根据前半句“.women will become more effective managers than men.”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理者更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。 59. A. askingB. trai

44、ningC. warningD. firing 【参考答案】A【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】 根据前句“. encourage employees to use their own initiative.鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。60. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 【参考答案】C【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定

45、而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文逻辑。61. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. compared【参考答案】B【考查内容】短语动词辨析【试题解析】动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与.相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央管理的环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。62. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasiona

46、lly 【参考答案】B【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。63. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure【参考答案】D【考查内容】上下文文意理解【试题解析】考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-