线粒体和叶绿体遗传课件.ppt
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1、2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts1Chapter 9The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts2Chapter OutlineThe Classical Genetics of OrganellesThe Molecular Genetics of MitochondriaMitochondrial DNA and Human DiseaseThe Molecula
2、r Genetics of ChloroplastsThe Origin and Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts3Mitochondria,Chloroplasts,and the Biological Energy Wheel2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts4The biological energy wheelCarl CorrensOne of the
3、three botanists who rediscovered Mendels Principles.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts5Section 1The Classical Genetics of OrganellesThe genetic material of organelles has been studied by tracing the inheritance of leaf pigmentation in plants,antibiotic resistance in algae,and met
4、abolic competence in yeast.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts6Most of the early studies were performed with plants,which possess both mitochondrial and chloroplasts.Consequently,it was not always possible to determine which of the two types of organelles was responsible for nucle
5、ar heredity.Later studies used yeast,for which the involvement of chloroplasts could be excluded.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts7The common precept shared by all of them is that organelle heredity does not follow simple Mendelian rules.Instead,it is characterized by unequal co
6、ntributions of the two parents and by an irregular segregation of alleles;that is,it violates Mendels Principle of Segregation.Organelle heredity is therefore non-Mendelian heredity.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts81.Leaf Variegation in PlantsThe leaves in plants sometimes exhi
7、bit a striking pattern of color variegation.Some sectors are green,others pure white.Intermediate shades of pale or yellow green may also exist.漂亮是大家想研究叶片花漂亮是大家想研究叶片花斑的一个原因斑的一个原因Leaf Variegation caused by the segregation of different types of chloroplasts.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Ch
8、liroplasts9Chloroplast sorting during mitosis.The irregular distribution of chloroplasts during cell division may produce a cell that lack chloroplasts capable of making chlorophyll.Through further divisions,such a cell will produce a white sector of tissue in an otherwise green leaf.2022-8-16The Ge
9、netics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts10 Correns experiments on the inheritance of leaf variegation in Mirabilis(紫茉莉紫茉莉).(a)Green female X white male(on a variegating plant).(b)Green male X white female(on a variegating plant).2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts11In mirabilis(紫茉莉
10、紫茉莉),the chloroplasts are transmitted to the offspring through the female reproductive cells but are largely,if not entirely,excluded from the male reproductive cells.When a plant inherits a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented chloroplasts from the female parent,its tissues may variegate because th
11、e two types of chloroplasts sort themselves out during development.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts12(天竺葵天竺葵)2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts13This non-Mendelian,bipararental inheritance indicates that the color of Pelargonium(天竺葵天竺葵)leaves is determined b
12、y a mixture of maternal and paternal factors located outside the nucleus,presumably in the chloroplasts.It therefore seems that in the chloroplasts are transmitted through the pollen as well as through the ovule.PelargoniumPelargonium2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts14The experi
13、ments of Correns and Baur demonstrated that leaf variegation is inherited as a non-Mendelian trait,one is that is almost certainly controlled by factors located in the chloroplasts.The discovery that chloroplasts contain DNA has made this hypothesis very attractive.Yet,in spite of the work of many s
14、cientists,the molecular basis of leaf variegation is still unknown.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts152.Antibiotic Resistance in Chlamydomonas(衣藻衣藻)Photosynthetic green algae are an important part of the biosphere.They are abundant in the oceans,where they form the foundation of
15、 the food chain,but they are also found on the land.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts16One terrestrial species,Chlamydomonas reinharditti,has been used extensively in genetic research.This unicellular,haploid organism exists in two different mating types,denoted plus and minus.C
16、ells of opposite mating type can fuse for produce a diploid zygote.The zygote then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid offspring,which divide mitotically to produce clones of vegetative cells.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts17Analysis of these clones indicates that mating
17、 type is controlled by a nuclear gene with two alleles,mt+(specifying the plus mating type)and mt-(specifying the minus mating type).Two of the four offspring from a Chlamydomonas zygote are the therefore two mt+and two mt-.Many other nuclear genes with a Mendelian pattern of segregation have been i
18、dentified in Chlamydomonas.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts18Each haploid Chlamydomonas cell contains a single large chloroplast and several mitochondrial.When mt+and mt-cells fuse,their organelles are combined in the same diploid cell.It is not altogether clear what happens to
19、 these organelles inside the zygote,but when the four haploid offspring are produced,each has one chloroplast and several mitochondria.The basic number of organelles is therefore preserved.In 1954 Ruth Sager,an American geneticist,discovered that antibiotic resistance in Chlamydomonas is inherited a
20、s a non Mendelian trait.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts20This involved irradiating the mt+cells with UV light just prior to mating.When Sager mated irradiated mt+cells to unirradiated mt-cells,she found that some of the offspring inherited the cytoplasmic trait of the mt-paren
21、t instead of that of the mt+parent.These phenomena were finally explained when DNA was discovered in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts21Both mt+and mt-cells possess this DNA,but when mating occurs,the DNA contributed by the mt-cell is degraded,proba
22、bly by a nuclease that specifically recognizes it.The offspring from a cross therefore retain only the DNA inherited from the mt+chloroplast.As a result,the trait encoded by this DNAand streptomycin resistance is one of themare always inherited through the mt+parent.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochon
23、dria and Chliroplasts22When mt+cells are irradiated prior to mating,the system that destroys the mt-chloroplast DNA is partially incapacitated.Consequently,some of the mt+chloroplast DNA survives and is transmitted to the offspring.This DNA may actually recombine with the mt+chloroplast DNA,generati
24、ng offspring that inherited chloroplast genes from both parents.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts23这是第一张非核这是第一张非核DNA的基因结构图的基因结构图A genetic map of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas,based on the work of Sager and Ramains.Symbols:ac1,ac2,acetate requirement;sm4,streptomycin dependenc
25、e;nea,neamine resistance;sm3,low-level streptomycin resistance;sm2,high-level streptomycin resistance;ery,erythromycin resistance;spc,spectinomycin resistance;tm,temperature sensitivity.2022-8-16The Genetics of Mitochondria and Chliroplasts243.Metabolic Defects in YeastSome mutant strains of yeast f
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