翻译中语篇意识的培养成语的英译课件.ppt

1、翻译中语篇意识的培养翻译中语篇意识的培养参见参见Textbook 第第14章章 成语的英译成语的英译张干周第1页，共64页。学生课堂演示学生课堂演示Warm-up Exercises翻译中语篇意识的培养翻译中语篇意识的培养课堂作业课堂作业课后作业课后作业CONTENTS第2页，共64页。Students Presentation学生课后作业展示学生课后作业展示第3页，共64页。Students Presentation(3-6 students,Two for each paraof previous homework)第4页，共64页。After PresentationAnalysis o

2、f Homework第5页，共64页。南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一逞豪彦。的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一逞豪彦。Nanjing has witnessed the continuous emergence of many distinguished talents and noble hearts as well as monumental achievements that shone through the ages.

3、Attracted by special appeal,a great number of powerful figures and people actuated by high ideals have stayed in or frequented this metropolis都会都会 to contend for the lead or to give play to their genius and virtues.第6页，共64页。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓，从王羲之、顾恺之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还有陶行知、杨廷宝等等，中国

4、历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟于此，在这块钟灵毓(yu)秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。Military commanders such as Sun Quan and Xie An;political leaders such as Hong Xiuquan and Dr.Sun Yat-sen;scientists like Zu Chongzhi,Ge Hong,Li Shizhen and Zheng He;men of letters such as Liu Xie,Xiao Tong,Cao Xueqin and Wu Jingzi;art

5、ists like Wang Xizhi,Gu Kaizhi,Xu Beihong and Fu Baosi;educators such as Tao Xingzhi;and architects like Yang Tingbao-all these renowned historical figures used to settle on this blessed land to have their splendid dreams fulfilled.第7页，共64页。The towering Purple Mountains and the billowing Yangtze Riv

6、er nurtured them and provided them with arenas竞技场，竞技场，舞台舞台 in which to realize their aspirations.By virtue of their genius,vision,and sagacity睿智睿智,聪敏聪敏,these best and brightest sons and daughters of the nation made spectacular contributions to resplendent 辉煌的辉煌的 Chinese civilization.他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍钟

7、山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍钟山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明智慧为中们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明智慧为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。第8页，共64页。Have a TryWarm-up Exercises第9页，共64页。漂亮只能为别人提供眼福漂亮只能为别人提供眼福,却不一定换到幸福。却不一定换到幸福。只要思想不滑坡，方法总比困难多！只要思想不滑坡，方法总比困难多！如果真诚是一种伤害如果真诚是一种伤害,请选择谎言请选择谎言;如果谎言是一种伤

8、害，请选择沉如果谎言是一种伤害，请选择沉默；如果沉默是一种伤害，请选择离开。默；如果沉默是一种伤害，请选择离开。眼前有了繁花，并不等于你手中有了鲜蜜。就算不快乐也眼前有了繁花，并不等于你手中有了鲜蜜。就算不快乐也不要皱眉，因为你永远不知道谁会爱上你的笑容。不要皱眉，因为你永远不知道谁会爱上你的笑容。第10页，共64页。Ones good looks can only feast the others eyes,but may not be certain to earn fortune by it.So long as you keep your mind alive,you would ha

9、ve more ways than difficulties.If empressement makes hurt,make a choice of lie;if lie hurts still,silence may help to heal;if silence hurts again,parting may tell how to gain.The flourishing in your eyes does not mean the golden eggs in your hands.Even you are unhappy,dont frown anyway,for you would

10、 never be aware that somebody around may be fond of your smiling way.第11页，共64页。翻译中语篇意识的培养翻译中语篇意识的培养Translation of Passages第12页，共64页。CONTENTS 段落主题意义翻译再现段落主题意义翻译再现 段内衔接翻译段内衔接翻译 篇章的语域与翻译篇章的语域与翻译第13页，共64页。段落主题意义的翻译再现段落主题意义的翻译再现 Trans of Main Idea Within Para.第14页，共64页。汉语段落汉语段落翻译成英语时翻译成英语时(英译汉也一样英译汉也一样），

11、），除了要考虑每一句翻译得正确、纯正以外，还必除了要考虑每一句翻译得正确、纯正以外，还必须要考虑句子以外的段落主题性意义，句子之间须要考虑句子以外的段落主题性意义，句子之间的衔接，以及各句所描述的概念或命题的连贯性，的衔接，以及各句所描述的概念或命题的连贯性，否则，译文就会貌合神离，无法传递原文段落的否则，译文就会貌合神离，无法传递原文段落的全部意义。全部意义。第15页，共64页。【例例1 1】我睁大了眼，紧裹在沉思中。许多面孔，错落地在我眼前跳舞；许多人声，嘈杂地在我耳边争讼。蓦地一切都寂灭了，依然是那答、答、答的小声从窗边传来，像有人在叩门。（茅盾叩门）【译文译文】Eyes wide op

12、en,I became immersed in thought.A multitude of faces danced randomly before my eyes,in my ears,a cacophony 刺耳的音调刺耳的音调 of voices fought to be heard.,suddenly,everything vanished,there was that little tap,tap,tapping again,coming from over by the window,as if someone was knocking at the door.第16页，共64页

13、。【例例1 1】我睁大了眼，紧裹在沉思中。许多面孔，错落地在我眼前跳舞；许多人声，嘈杂地在我耳边争讼。蓦地一切都寂灭了，依然是那答、答、答的小声从窗边传来，像有人在叩门。（茅盾叩门）【译文译文】Eyes wide open now,I became immersed in thought.A multitude of faces danced randomly before my eyes,whilst in my ears,a cacophony 刺耳的音调刺耳的音调 of voices fought to be heard.Then,suddenly,everything vanished

14、,and there was that little tap,tap,tapping again,coming from over by the window,as if someone was knocking at the door.Rober Neather 译译第17页，共64页。茅盾先生茅盾先生1929年创作的散文年创作的散文叩门叩门。当时在。当时在日本得知国内革命失败的消息，情绪低落。这篇散日本得知国内革命失败的消息，情绪低落。这篇散文抒发了作者的郁闷心情。文抒发了作者的郁闷心情。Rober Neather根据英语的形合特征，不但添加了根据英语的形合特征，不但添加了连接词连接词“w

15、hilst”,准确地描述诸多往事涌上心头的情景，准确地描述诸多往事涌上心头的情景，实现原文的表情功能，而且还用了实现原文的表情功能，而且还用了“now”、“then”等等词语，展示原文中隐含的虚实时间关系，用词语，展示原文中隐含的虚实时间关系，用“and”加强加强整个段落前后的连贯性。整个段落前后的连贯性。【AnalysisAnalysis】第18页，共64页。【例例2 2】有一天，他忽然得了急病，赶快叫家人去请东街的汪医生。那家人急急忙忙地跑去，一时寻不着东街的汪大夫，却把西街牛医王大夫请来了。差不多先生病在床上，知道寻错了人；但病急了，身上痛苦，心里焦急，等不得了，心里想到：“好在王大夫同

16、汪大夫也差不多，让他试试看吧。”于是这位牛医王大夫走近床前，用医牛的法子给差不多先生看病。不上一点钟，差不多先生就一命呜呼了。-胡适差不多先生第19页，共64页。【译文译文】有一天，他忽然得了急病，赶快叫家人去请东街的汪医生。那家人急急忙忙地跑去，一时寻不着东街的汪大夫，却把西街牛医王大夫请来了。差不多先生病在床上，知道寻错了人 One day he suddenly fell ill and immediately told one of his family to fetch Dr.Wang of East Street.The latter went in a hurry,but cou

17、ldnt find the physician on East Street.Mr.Cha Buduo,lying on his sickbed,knew that a wrong person had been brought home.(To be continued)第20页，共64页。【例例2 2】但病急了，身上痛苦，心里焦急，等不得了，心里想到：“好在王大夫同汪大夫也差不多，让他试试看吧。”于是这位牛医王大夫走近床前，用医牛的法子给差不多先生看病。不上一点钟，差不多先生就一命呜呼了。But,with pain and worry,he could not afford to wait

18、 any longer.So he said to himself,“Luckily,Vet Wang is about the same as Dr.Wang.Why not let Vet Wang have a try?”Thereupon,the veterinarian walked up to his bed to work on him as if he were a cow.Consequently,Mr.Cha Buduo kicked the bucket before an hour was out.To continue 第21页，共64页。此段文字流畅，诙谐幽默，通过

19、看病这一人命关天的实例，塑造一个凡是马虎苟且的人物形象。译文完全遵循原文的时间顺序排列信息，并相应译出必要的衔接词语，如“so,but,thereupon”等，展现了事件发展的脉略，把原文的信息功能充分地再现出来。但译文中的“王”、“汪”、“差不多”似乎没有很好地翻译再现。所以，我个人认为不妨将“王”译为“Wang”、将“汪”译为“Wong”,因为中国人因地域差异，四声混淆，外国人更是发不准中文的四声；同时，也可以把“差不多”译为“Almost”.又如：又如：英国小说：英国小说：“The Life and Death of Mr.Badman”翻译成：翻译成：“败德先生传败德先生传”【Anal

20、ysisAnalysis】第22页，共64页。【例例3 3】尽管尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍是比赛成嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍是比赛成绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。任何想获奥绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。任何想获奥运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常常是观众没看到的。常是观众没看到的。因此因此，运动员要求得到物质奖励是可，运动员要求得到物质奖励是可以理解的。以理解的。(选自蔡基刚，选自蔡基刚，2001)第23页，共64页。Despite lip service paid to friendship

21、,what matters to athletes is success.Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.What the spectators 观众观众sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion has to break off his studies and has little spare time.It is understandable that

22、 athletes want some tangible切实的切实的 reward.【译文译文】第24页，共64页。主题意义理解与翻译主题意义理解与翻译（英译汉）（英译汉）第25页，共64页。在未庄再看见阿在未庄再看见阿Q的时候，是刚过了的时候，是刚过了这这年的中秋。人们都惊异，说是阿年的中秋。人们都惊异，说是阿Q回回来了，于是又回上去想到，他先前那里去了呢来了，于是又回上去想到，他先前那里去了呢?阿阿Q前几回的上城，大抵早前几回的上城，大抵早就兴高采烈的对人说，但这一次却并不，所以也没有一个留心到。就兴高采烈的对人说，但这一次却并不，所以也没有一个留心到。Weizhuang did not

23、see Ah Q again till just after the Moon Festival that year.Everybody was surprised to hear of his return,and this made them(是否可删）是否可删）think back and wonder where he（or:Ah Q)had been all that time.The few previous occasions on which Ah Q had been to town,he had usually informed people in advance with

24、 great gusto 爱好爱好,嗜嗜好好,趣味趣味,由衷的高兴由衷的高兴;but since he had not so this time,no one had noticed his going.【例例4 4】（下面看完整的阿Q正传的翻译）第26页，共64页。他或者也曾告诉过管土谷祠的老头子，然而未庄老例，只有赵太爷钱他或者也曾告诉过管土谷祠的老头子，然而未庄老例，只有赵太爷钱太爷太爷和秀才大爷和秀才大爷上城才算一件事。假洋鬼子尚且不足数，何况是阿上城才算一件事。假洋鬼子尚且不足数，何况是阿Q，因，因此老头子也就不替他宣传，而未庄的社会上也就无人知道了。此老头子也就不替他宣传，而未庄的

25、社会上也就无人知道了。He might have told the old man in charge of the Tutelary守护神守护神 Gods Temple,but according to the custom of Weizhuang it was only when Mr.Qian,or the successful country candidate went to town that it was considered important.Even the Imitation Foreign Devils going was not talked about,much

26、less Ah Qs.This would explain why the old man had not spread the news for him,with the result that the villagers had had no means of knowing.第27页，共64页。但阿但阿Q这回的回来，却与先前大不同，确乎很值得惊异。天色将黑，这回的回来，却与先前大不同，确乎很值得惊异。天色将黑，他睡眼朦胧的在酒店门前出现了，他走近柜台，从腰间伸出手来，他睡眼朦胧的在酒店门前出现了，他走近柜台，从腰间伸出手来，满把是银的和铜的，在柜上一扔说：满把是银的和铜的，在柜上一扔说：

27、“现钱现钱!打酒来打酒来!”穿的是新夹袄，穿的是新夹袄，看去腰间还挂着一个大褡裢，沉钿钿得将裤带坠成了很弯很弯的弧看去腰间还挂着一个大褡裢，沉钿钿得将裤带坠成了很弯很弯的弧线。线。Ah Qs return this time was very different from before,and in fact quite enough to occasion astonishment.The day was growing dark when he appeared blinking sleepily before the door of the wineshop,walked up to t

28、he counter,pulled a handful of silver and coppers from his belt(加否：加否：bag)and tossed them on the counter.“Cash!”he said.“Bring the wine(or:give me the wine)!”he was wearing a new lined jacket,and at his waist evidently hung a large purse(or:money bag),the great weight of which caused his belt to sag

29、 in a sharp curve.第28页，共64页。未庄老例，看见略有些醒目的人物，是与其慢也宁敬的，现在明知道是阿未庄老例，看见略有些醒目的人物，是与其慢也宁敬的，现在明知道是阿Q但但因为和破夹袄的阿因为和破夹袄的阿Q有些两样了，古人云：有些两样了，古人云：“士别三日便当刮目相待士别三日便当刮目相待”，所以，所以堂馆，掌柜，酒客，路人，便自然显出一种疑而且敬的形态来。掌柜既先之堂馆，掌柜，酒客，路人，便自然显出一种疑而且敬的形态来。掌柜既先之以点头，又继之以谈话：以点头，又继之以谈话：It was the custom in Weizhuang that when there seeme

30、d to be something unusual about anyone,he should be treated with respect rather than insolence傲慢傲慢,and now,although they knew quite well this was Ah Q,Still he was very different from the Ah Q of the ragged coat.The ancients say,“A scholar(or:person)who has been away three days must be looked at wit

31、h new eyes.”So the waiter,innkeeper,customers and passers-by,all quite naturally expressed a kind of suspicion mingled with respect.The innkeeper started by nodding,then said:第29页，共64页。“嚄嚄(ho)(Wow)，阿，阿Q你回来了你回来了!”“回来了回来了!”“发财发财，你是发财发财，你是在在”“上城去了上城去了!”“Hullo,Ah Q,so youre back!”“Yes,Im back,”“Youve ma

32、de money erwhere?”(or:whwhewhere)“I went to town.”第30页，共64页。这一件新闻，第二天便传遍了未庄。人们都愿意知道现钱和新夹袄这一件新闻，第二天便传遍了未庄。人们都愿意知道现钱和新夹袄的阿的阿Q的中兴史，所以在酒店里，茶馆里，庙檐下，便渐渐的探听的中兴史，所以在酒店里，茶馆里，庙檐下，便渐渐的探听出来了。这结果，是阿出来了。这结果，是阿Q得了新敬畏。得了新敬畏。By the next day this piece of news had spread through Weizhuang.And since everybody wanted t

33、o hear the success story of this Ah Q of the ready money and the new lined jacket,in the wineshop,tea-house,and under the temple eaves,the villagers gradually ferreted 追赶追赶out the news.The result was that they began to treat Ah Q with a new deference(顺从，尊重顺从，尊重).第31页，共64页。据阿据阿Q说，他是在举人老爷家里帮忙。这一节，听的人都

34、肃然了。这老爷本姓白，说，他是在举人老爷家里帮忙。这一节，听的人都肃然了。这老爷本姓白，但因为合城里只有他一个举人，所以不必再冠姓，说起举人来就是他。这也不独但因为合城里只有他一个举人，所以不必再冠姓，说起举人来就是他。这也不独在未庄如此，便是一百里方圆之内也都如此，人们几乎多以为他的姓名就叫举人在未庄如此，便是一百里方圆之内也都如此，人们几乎多以为他的姓名就叫举人老爷了。老爷了。According to Ah Q,he had been a servant in the house of a successful provincial candidate.This part of the s

35、tory filled all who hear it with awe敬敬畏畏.This successful provincial candidate was named Bai,but because he was the only successful provincial candidate in the whole town there was no need to use his surname:whenever anyone spoke of the successful provincial candidate,it meant him.And this was so not

36、 only in Weizhuang but everywhere with a radius of thirty miles,as if everybody imagined his name to be Mr.Successful provincial candidate.第32页，共64页。在这人的府上帮忙，那当然是可敬的。但据阿在这人的府上帮忙，那当然是可敬的。但据阿Q又说，他却不高兴再帮忙又说，他却不高兴再帮忙了，因为这举人老爷实在太了，因为这举人老爷实在太“妈妈的妈妈的”了。这一节，听的人都叹息而且快了。这一节，听的人都叹息而且快意，因为阿意，因为阿Q本不配在举人老爷家里帮忙，而不

37、帮忙是可惜的。本不配在举人老爷家里帮忙，而不帮忙是可惜的。鲁迅鲁迅阿阿Q正传正传To have worked in the household of such a man naturally called for respect;but according to Ah Qs further statements,he was unwilling to go on working there because this successful provincial candidate was really too much of a“turtles egg”.This part of the sto

38、ry made all who heard it sigh,but with a sense of pleasure,because it showed that Ah Q was naturally not fit to work in such a mans household,yet not to work was a pity.(Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang)第33页，共64页。段内衔接翻译段内衔接翻译Linkup Within Para.第34页，共64页。英汉写作无论是在句子或者在段落层面上的一个重要区别在英汉写作无论是在句子或

39、者在段落层面上的一个重要区别在于，于，英语重替代，汉语重重复英语重替代，汉语重重复。替代替代是指使用代词、同义词、近义词以及替代句型等替换前文中是指使用代词、同义词、近义词以及替代句型等替换前文中出现过的词语。英语段落里，句子之间的呼应常常是靠词语的替代完出现过的词语。英语段落里，句子之间的呼应常常是靠词语的替代完成。成。重复重复是指使用相同的词语呼应前文出现过的词语。汉语段落是指使用相同的词语呼应前文出现过的词语。汉语段落里，往往由重复的词语来进行句子间的呼应，构成段落的衔接里，往往由重复的词语来进行句子间的呼应，构成段落的衔接和连贯。和连贯。1.1.替代和重复及翻译替代和重复及翻译第35页

40、，共64页。【例例1 1】Wrought iron is almost pure iron.It is not frequently found in the school shop because of its high cost.It forges well,()can easily be bent hot or cold,and()can be welded.【译文译文】熟铁几乎就是纯铁。熟铁在校办工厂里不太常见，因为价格很贵。熟铁好锻，很容易热弯或冷弯，还可以焊接。第36页，共64页。鉴于这种英汉段落写作上的差异，在英译汉时，原文替代的部分要用重复的手法翻译；反之，汉译英时，原文重复替

41、代的部分要用替代的手法翻译。如：【例句例句】我伸手去接包袱，我一点也不怕，我理直气壮，我明明知道他故意作难，正想把包袱接过来就走。猜得对对的，他并不把包袱真给我。【译文译文】I was aware that he was out to make things difficult for me.Therefore,bold and confident,I reached out my hand for the bundle.But,just as I had been doubly sure,he simply wouldnt let go of it.第37页，共64页。2.2.省略及翻译省略

42、及翻译 英汉语言都存在省略现象。汉语是按上下文的意义进行省略，包括主语、中心词、关联词、谓语动词等；而英语则按照语法形式进行省略，可以省略所有格、形容词、介词等后面的名词，助动词、情态动词后的实意动词、系动词后的表语、主谓一致时的主语或谓语等。汉语的省略普遍且不具规律性。根据习惯判断，许多省略实际上并非省略，若硬要填补所谓的“省略”，结果会更别扭，但汉译英时，一定要识别出省略的部分，并补充翻译出来。第38页，共64页。【例例1 1】Some books are to be tasted,others()to be swallowed,and some few()to be chewed and

43、 digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others()to be read,but not curiously;and some few()to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.书书有可有可浅尝者，浅尝者，有可有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有有只须读其部分者，只须读其部分者，有有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。王佐良先生译王佐良先生译

44、 第39页，共64页。【例例2 2】Histories make men wise;poets()witty;the mathematics()subtitle;natural philosophy()deep;moral()grave;logic and rhetoric()able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。王佐良先生译王佐良先生译 第40页，共64页。【例例3 3】所以每每在大雪中的黄昏里，()围着暖炉，围着

45、祖父，听着祖父读着诗篇，看着祖父读着诗篇时微红的嘴唇。On snowy evenings,we children often sat around the heating stove by grandpa,listening to him reading poems and watching his busy ruddy lips.王佐良先生译王佐良先生译 第41页，共64页。【例例4 4】改革开放胆子要大一些，改革开放胆子要大一些，()要敢于试验。冒一定的要敢于试验。冒一定的风险是必要的。不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，风险是必要的。不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一

46、失，谁敢说这样的话万无一失，谁敢说这样的话?一开始就自以为是，认为百分之一开始就自以为是，认为百分之百正确，没那回事。百正确，没那回事。We must be courageous to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.A certain amount of risk-taking is necessary.Who dares to claim that he is 100 percent sure of success right from the beginning and without taking any r

47、isks?There is no such thing as certainty.(From Cai Jigang,2001)第42页，共64页。练习：练习：孟子曰：孟子曰：“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”(注：注：the god of the land and the god of grain the state 土神和谷神土神和谷神,古时君主古时君主都祭祀社稷都祭祀社稷,后来就用社稷代表国家后来就用社稷代表国家）世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。Mencius said,“The people are t

48、he most important,the land and grain the next,the sovereign the lightest.Only after Bo Le came into the world were there horses able to gallop one thousand li in a day.Such horses are common,but a Bo Le is rare.第43页，共64页。3.3.连接词和连接性词组连接词和连接性词组 连接词和连接性词组是使用最为普遍的衔接手段之连接词和连接性词组是使用最为普遍的衔接手段之一。连接词主要用于理顺文

49、章的一。连接词主要用于理顺文章的逻辑、时间和空间逻辑、时间和空间等关等关系，掌握这些词和词组的翻译方法，可以使译文通顺流畅。系，掌握这些词和词组的翻译方法，可以使译文通顺流畅。第44页，共64页。表示逻辑关系表示逻辑关系 先后或列举：first,second;in the first place;next/then;for one thing for another;furthermore/moreover/in addition/besides;finally/last;and 特指或举例：in particular;specifically;for instance,for example

50、;that is/namely表示因果：consequently/as a result/hence/accordingly/thus/so/therefore;because/since/for表示结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/to sum up;evidently/clearly;actually;of course表示转折：but/however/yet/nevertheless;on the contrary;on the other hand;neither nor 第45页，共64页。表示时间关系表示时间关系 表示频率：frequently