生物资源评估课件.ppt
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- 生物资源 评估 课件
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1、生物资源评估 研究海洋生物,主要是经济种类即渔业生物种群动态、数量变动的一门学科。生物资源评估(fish stock assessment)捕捞渔业产量呈现下降趋势Year海洋捕捞渔业产量FAO 报告“The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture”,2014全球海洋渔业产量重新估计:small-scale fisheriesillegal fisheriesdiscarded bycatch.前置课程 鱼类学 渔业资源生物学(渔场学)渔具渔法 生物统计教材及参考书目q渔业资源评估渔业资源评估,詹秉义编著詹秉义编著,中国农业出版社,中国农业出版社,19
2、951995qHilborn,R.and C.J.Walters.Quantitative fisheries stock assessment.Chapman and Hall.1992.q渔业资源学,邓景耀、叶昌臣著,重庆出版社,2001.q海洋渔业生物学,邓景耀、赵传絪、唐启升等,农业出版社,1991.q水产资源学,费鸿年、张诗全著,中国科技出版社,1990.q渔业生物数学资源评估与管理,叶昌臣,黄斌等,农业出版社,1990.q水产资源学,能势幸雄、石井丈夫、清水诚著,东京大学出版社,1992.q水产资源管理概论,松宫义晴著,日本水产资源保护协会,1996.qGulland,J.A.19
3、83.Fish stock assessment:A manual of basic methods.John Wiley&Sons,New York.qCadima,E.L.2003.Fish Stock Assessment Manual.FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER 393.http:/www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/X8498E/X8498E00.HTM考核形式:考勤:10%作业:10%期中考试:10%主题演讲:20%期末考试:50%了解渔业资源数量变动的原因和规律,特别要理解人为捕捞对渔业资源和渔获量所产生的影响;掌握鱼类生长和死亡参数的估
4、算方法,理解捕捞努力量的概念及其标准化的基本方法;掌握渔业资源评估的几个主要的数学模型以及渔业资源和渔获量的估算与预报的几个主要方法;课程要求课程要求 能运用渔业管理理论结合实测的生物学资料、环境资料和所收集的渔业统计资料所得到的评估结果判断渔业资源利用状况,利用EXCEL做分析分析和简单的渔业资源评估,根据管理目标和渔业资源合理利用及渔业可持续发展的要求,选择恰当的管理措施。课程要求课程要求绪 论 渔业资源:渔业资源:水域中的经济鱼类和其它水生动物就是通常所谓的渔业资源。包括鱼类、虾蟹类、头足类、贝类、藻类等。特点特点:渔业生产的基础是渔业资源,属于再生资源,短期几个月,长期几年。但是其再生
5、能力有限,捕捞强度增加,资源衰竭,渔获量下降,所以要合理利用资源。渔业资源的开发利用 Fishing Methods:拖网 围网 定置网 刺网 笼壶等Trawls towing one or more trawl nets behind a boat or in between two boats either through the water column or along the oceans floor usually shaped like a cone or funnel with a wide opening to catch fish or crustaceans and a
6、narrow closed end called a cod-end used in water of various depths down to around 3000m;nets differ by their mesh size Demersal Trawl:to catch fish or prawns that live on the bottom of the ocean Midwater trawl:nets may incorporate acoustic technology to tell the skipper the position of the net in th
7、e water columnSeines usually long flat nets like a fence that are used to encircle a school of fish,with the boat driving around the fish in a circle Purse Seine:-top of the net is floated at the oceans surface,the bottom is held under the water by lead weights-wire that is threaded through the bott
8、om of the net can be tightened to close the bottom of the net trapping the fish inside Danish Seine:-more simply constructed with no otterboards and very long warps Gillnet long rectangular panels of netting with diamond-shaped mesh that are held vertically in the water column anchored either so tha
9、t the net touches the bottom or so it is suspended above the ocean floor fish swim into the net and are entangled by the gills,fins and spinesLonglines set horizontally either on the ocean floor(demersal longlines)or near the surface of the water(pelagic longlines)can be tens of kilometres long and
10、carry thousands of hooks baited hooks are attached to the longline by short lines called snoods that hang off the mainline Demersal Longline:-set horizontally on the ocean floor Pelagic Longline:-set near the surface of the water-usually used to catch large tuna and billfish species Droplines simila
11、r to longlines but are set vertically either down underwater cliffs or just in the water column a weight at the bottom,a series of hooks attached to snoods,and a float at the top of the line not usually as long as longlines and dont have as many hooksSquid Jigs carried out using either mechanically
12、powered or hand operated jigs overhead lights illuminate the water and attract the squid which gather in the shaded area under the boat Squid are caught using barbless lures on fishing lines which are jigged up and down in the water =lures are recovered over the end rollers,the squid fall off into t
13、he boatDredges used to collect shellfish such as scallops from the sea floor constructed of a heavy steel frame covered with steel mesh,open on the front side which is towed and used to dig scallops out of the sand and mud the dredge is towed along the bottom until it is full,lifted onto the boat an
14、d the contents tipped outTraps traps are baited so that fish are enticed to swim into them set up with mazes or funnel-shaped entrances so that fish cannot escape once inside the trapBycatch Reduction Devices used in trawl fisheries to allow fish that are not targeted by the fishers to escape from t
15、he net before it is hauled back into the boat reduces the amount of bycatch that dies as a result of trawlingTurtle Excluder Device used in northern prawn trawl fisheries as an escape hatch for turtles consist of a grid across the cod-end of the net which forces turtles and other large objects out o
16、f the net without the prawn catch escapingSeal Excluder Device very similar to Turtle Excluder Devices(TEDs)but they are designed for use by seals instead of turtles They are used in the southern demersal trawl fisheries where seals are more likely to be caught渔具技术的演变渔具技术的演变 1870 Small sailing vesse
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