寒假讲义-上海牛津版高一-名从从句+写作综合- T.docx

1、课程主题： 写作句型和从句复习7授课时间：学习目标教学内容课前热身： II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following two passages. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank wi

2、th one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.(A) Mary will never forget the first time shesawhim. He suddenly appeared in class one day,_25_ (wear) sun glasses. He walked in26_ _ hehad bought the school. And the word quickly got around _27_he wasfromNew York City. For so

3、me reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt_28_ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasnt her, it was probably the fact that she sat inthe last row._29_ he thought he cloud escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. It might have made i

4、t a little_30_ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didnt stop the kids in the class. Of course whenever they turned to look athim, they had to look at Mary,_31_ made her feel like a star. “Do you need those glasses for medical reasons?” the teacher asked. The new

5、boy shookhishead.” “Then Id appreciate it _32_you didnt wear them in class. I like to look at your eyes when Im speaking to you.” The new boy looked at the teacherfor a few seconds and all the otherstudents wonderedwhat theboywould do. Then he tookthem off, gave a big smile and said “That is cool”.2

6、5. wearing 因已有谓语动词appeared，动词wear前又没有并列连词，即wear不是并列谓语，它应是非谓语动词，作状语，表示伴随情况；又因he与wear是主动关系，故用现在分词。26. as if 27.that27. pleased 在系动词felt后作表语，用形容词，表示“高兴的”。28. the 特指最后的那一排，或在序数词前，用定冠词。29.If 因he thought与he was wrong是两个句子，且两者之间没有关联词，必定是填关联词；根据两句之间的逻辑关系，应填表示条件的连词if(如果，要是)。30. harder 作宾补依然是要用形容词，所以不作词类转换，可考

7、虑比较级；句中a little修饰比较级harder，表示“更难一点”。31 which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个句子。32. if 写作思路【知识梳理】1名词性从句 （Noun Clause）一、名词：在我们学习名词性从句之前，先让我们解决两个问题：第一，什么是名词；第二，名词在句中又能充当哪些成分？第一，名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念名称的词。第二，名词在句中常见地可以作主语、表语、宾语和同位语等。例如：1. Water freezes below zero. (作主语) 2. Eric was a world famous director. (作表语) (表

8、语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等之后) 3. Would you like some bananas? (作宾语) 4. Eric, my English teacher, get promoted last year. (作同位语) (同位语位于名词或代词之后，说明它们的性质、情况或内容，等同于位于其前的名词或代词)二、名词性从句：1) 名词性从句相当于名词，可作复合句中主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语等。因此词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。2) 名词性从句的连接词如下：

9、1. 从属连词that无词义，在从句中不充当成分，有时可省略。if (whether) 有词义，但在从句中不充当成分。2. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which 有词义，在从句中充当成分。 who: 表示 “人”，在从句中作主语。 whom: 表示 “人”，在从句中作宾语。 whose: 表示 “谁的”，在从句中后面必须接名词。 what: 表示 “事物；东西；什么”，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 which: 表示 “哪一个”，在从句中后面必须接名词。3. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 有词义，在从句中充当状语。3) 主语从句：在句子中

10、作主语的从句叫主语从句。1. 由从属连词引导That Eric is the most handsome teacher in our school is known to all. (从句作主语，且从句不缺成分，无词义缺失，因此用that。) 句型为：Sth. is known to allWhether he will come or not is not yet known. (从句作主语，从句完整，但缺乏表示 “是否”的词，因此用whether。) 句型为：Sth. is not yet known. 2. 由连接代词引导Who will go is not important. (从

11、句作主语，who在主语从句中作主语，表示 “某人”。) 句型为：Sth. is not important. What wee need is more time. (从句作主语，what在主语从句中作need的宾语，表示 “东西，什么”。) 句型为：Sth. is more time. More examples: Whoever unsheathes that sword is my husband. Whatever I have done is only for you. 3. 由连接副词引导 When he will leave for the United States is no

12、t yet decided. 句型为：Sth. is not yet decided. Why he failed the English exam is quite obvious. 句型为：Sth. is quite obvious. Where he had been is the last piece of the puzzle. 句型为：Sth. is the last piece of the puzzle. How Eric became a famous teacher is known to all. 句型为：Sth. is known to all. 4. It作形式主语由

13、于主语从句位于句首，句子常显得笨重，因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引导词it来作形式主语。 It is a pity that she has made such a foolish mistake. = That she has made such a foolish mistake is a pity. It is reported that three people were killed in the accident, including the driver. = That three people were killed in the accident, including th

14、e driver is reported. It doesnt matter whether he will come or not. = Whether he will come or not doesnt matter. 4) 表语从句在句子中作表语的从句叫表语从句。1. 由从属连词引导The question is whether we should ask them for help. (从句作表语，且成分完整，whether表示_的意思。)The trouble is that he has never done the work before. (从句作表语，从句成分_，且词义_，

15、因此选that。) 2. 由连接代词引导Shanghai is not what it used to be. (从句作表语，what在表语从句作_。)What she wants to know is which dress she should buy. (从句在作宾语，which在表语从句中表示_的意思。) 3. 由连接副词引导That is where Lu Xun used to live. (从句子成分角度分析，表语从句中缺_状语，所以选where。)That is why he didnt come to the party. (从句子成分角度分析，表语从句中缺_状语，所以选wh

16、y。)注： 表语从句还可以由as if 或 as though引导 It looks as if it were going to rain. 5) 宾语从句在句子中作及物动词的宾语，或作介词和某些形容词的宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1. 及物动词后的宾语从句(1) 由从属连词引导 I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples health. I wonder if you can do me a favour.(2) 由连接代词引导 I wonder what has happened to him. I dont know whic

17、h school he is in. Do you know who has taken my dictionary away? He asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class.(3) 由连接副词引导 I wonder why she refused my invitation. Can you tell me where the nearest post office is? Do you know when she will leave for California? 2. 介词和某些形容词之后的宾语从句(1) 介词后的宾语从

18、句 Tom is a nice boy, except that he is sometimes late for school. The teacher is pleased with what she has said. It depends on whether the manager will agree to the plan or not.(2) 某些形容词后的宾语从句 Im sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work. We are glad that our football tea

19、m has won the match. Eric was pleased that his students had passed the national college entrance exam. 3. 非谓语动词之后的宾语从句Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner said nothing.On being asked whether he had had any good food in Italy, he answered “Terrible”. 4. It作形式宾语在 “及物动词+宾语+宾

20、语补足语”的结构中，宾语如果是由从句来充当的，则通常放在宾语补足语的后面，而在原来的宾语位置上用引导词it作形式宾语。I made it clear that I was determined to go to France. I find it necessary that we should take a break during the work. One often hears it said that travel broadens the mind. 注： 宾语从句的时态主要取决于主句的时态。 主句使用现在时（含一般现在时与现在完成时）时，从句允许使用任何时态。从句时态可与主句一致

21、，也可由从句中的时间状语自行决定。 I think you are right. 我认为你是对的。 I think you were wrong at that time. 我觉得那次你错了。 I think that she will come in time. 我想她会按时到的。 I think that he has already finished his winter vacations work. 我想他已经完成寒假作业了。I wonder whether he is telling the truth. 我怀疑他现在说的是否是真话。 主句使用过去时，从句除表示“真理”可使用现在时

22、外，其他一律使用过去时态。从句有一般过去时态状语时，使用一般过去时；从句没有过去时间状语但却是谈论过去发生的事实或从句含有完成时态状语时，常用过去完成时；从句有将来时间状语或谈论未来发生的事实时，常用过去将来时。My teacher told me that the earth is round.I didnt think he was wrong yesterday.I didnt think he had been wrong.She hesitated whether she would take out advice. 6) 同位语从句：在句子中作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句一

23、般由that, whether等连词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。1. 由that引导The fact that you havent enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable.The news that he may recover is not gone yet. 2. 由whether引导The question whether we need more time to do the work has not b

24、een discussed.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. 3. 由when引导I have no idea when he will be back. 注1： 有时可有namely (即)，that is to say (也就是说)，in other words (换句话说)，that is (那就是)，i.e. (= that is)，for example 等引出同位语，说明其前面的名词（或代词）。 He told us the good news, namely,

25、the museum is open to all. There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practise more. 注2： 同位语从句不同于定语从句，前者对名词加以补充说明，后者对名词加以限制。a) 一般来说，定语从句的先行词由具体名词或代词构成，同位语从句的先行词常常是抽象名词。Those who want to go please sign their names here.We express the hope that they will come to visit Shanghai again.

26、 b) 定语从句修饰、限定先行词的意义，与先行词为修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，与先行词是同位关系。The train that has just left is for Beijing. 刚刚离站的那列火车是开往北京的。 The truth that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. 地球绕着太阳转这一事实大家都知道。 c) 同位语从句与先行词可发展成一个完整句子，谓语动词用be动词。He heard the news that his team had won.= The news was that his team

27、 had won.【知识梳理】2事物的好处：一、学校组织活动的好处：l lay a solid foundation for 奠定坚实的基础l pave the way for the future/development 为未来铺平了道路l foster a sense of competition and cooperation 培养合作感与竞争感l cultivate the spirit of team working 培养团队合作精神l master interpersonal skills 掌握人及关系技巧l widen ones knowledge 拓宽知识面l enrich o

28、nes social and life experience 丰富社会与人生经历l enlarge ones view/broaden ones horizon 拓宽视野l realize the value of life 实现人生价值l promote social skills and competence 提高社交技巧与能力二、新科技或新事物带来的好处：l bring joys and comforts to sb带来愉悦与舒适l usher in a brand-new life-style引入全新的生活方式l relieve the pressure of 缓解压力l mainta

29、in the community stability 保持社会的稳定l improve the utilization rate of energy resources提高能源的利用率l make full use of充分利用l satisfy peoples needs/meet the demands of people 满足人们的需求l promote the development of relative industries促进相关产业的发展l stimulate domestic needs刺激国内需求l impel economic development促进经济的发展l ge

30、nerate jobs, income and tax revenues扩大就业机会，提高收入事物的坏处：一、社会问题或危害（环境污染，砍伐树木等）l put sb or sth at risk 使-冒风险l be lack of a sense of job security 缺乏工作的安全感l distract sb from doing sth 是某人从某事中分心l impose a heave strain on 带来巨大的压力l be exaggerated and cheating 夸大且欺骗的l be the invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私l violate r

31、ights of free speech侵犯言论自由的权利l endanger social stability and safety 危害到社会的稳定与安全l go astray 误入歧途l undermine local culture 破环当地文化l jeopardize the safety and stability of the society 破坏社会的安全与稳定l set a bad example to 树立坏的榜样l lead to the extinction of some species 导致一些物种的灭绝l result in shortage of energy

32、and natural resources导致能源的短缺l break the ecological balance 破环生态平衡l be the drying up of our limited natural resources and the deterioration of the environment 有限的自然资源的枯竭和环境的恶化二、学习压力带来的危害l easily cause stress-related illnesses 容易导致与压力相关的疾病l to cause the estrangement/isolation/alienation between A and

33、B 导致了 A与B之间的疏远l bring disgrace on sb 为-带来耻辱l suffer heavy losses 损失惨重l restrain sb from doing 限制某人做某事l . take up/occupy ones space and time 占用时间和空间l to worsen/exacerbate/deteriorate the relationship 恶化关系 l . to damage/ruin the harmony of/ harmonious life 破坏和谐的生活提出的建议：一、学生的生活习惯和人际关系l . to cultivate o

34、nes independence 培养独立性l . to develop a strong sense of responsibility 培养强烈的责任感l . to foster a sense of competition and cooperation 培养竞争和合作感l to build up/ establish ones confidence 建立自信l . offer somebody a sense of achievement/ accomplishment 给与成就感l . to form a good habit of frugality/thrift 养成勤俭的习惯l

35、 to keep pace with the outside world 跟上外面世界的步伐l to enjoy a more colorful and interesting campus life 享受多彩和有趣的校园生活l . to shape ones character 塑造性格l . to become more socially adaptable 更具社会适应性二、社会问题l . to enhance ones social awareness/consciousness/realization 提高人们的社会意识l . to provide a chance/opportun

36、ity for sb 提供机会l give priority to sth/ attach importance to sth/ lay emphasis on sth 优先-l to shoulder/assume the responsibility 承担责任l . refrain sb from sth/ prevent sb from sth 限制-做某事l to strengthen/consolidate the supervision over sb/sth 加强对的监督l cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培养强烈的责任感三、

37、代沟或人际沟通问题：l enhance mutual understanding促进相互的理解l surmount/overcome/win over /master difficulties 克服困难l grasp good communication skills 掌握人际交流技巧l remove misunderstanding and discrimination 消除误解与歧视l keep balance between work and family 保持事业与家庭的平衡l strengthen the family ties促进家庭团结【例题精讲】你校体育教研组（PE teach

38、ing and research group）在校园网就高三体育课程改革广泛征求意见，并提出两点初步设想：一、取消早锻炼，改为自由散步。二、调整传统课程，增设健美操（aerobics）和太极拳（shadowboxing）作为选修课程。请你在论坛上发帖，谈谈自己的看法。内容包括：（1）是否赞成高三体育课程改革？简要说明理由。（2）具体谈谈对上述设想的看法或其他建议。（文中不得出现考生姓名、学校等任何真实信息）Para1: A brief introduction of the background information最近，我校体育教研组针对课程改革，提出了两个很棒的想法。其中一个是将取消早锻

39、炼，改为自由散步。此外，增设健美操和太极拳到传统课程中。这条新闻刚出现在在校园论坛上，就在我们学生间引起了热议。就我而言，我是完全赞成这个提议的。原因如下。首先，我们现在做的早锻炼是跑步，我认为这不仅枯燥而且极大的消耗了我们的能量。众所周知，我们高中生因为很多要上的课程，需要完成的作业而承受重负，这些都是需要精力和专心的。跑完步后，我们大部分觉得筋疲力尽，而不是本应该有的神清气爽。但是如果我们选择起床后在操场上走一走，就会有很大的不同。我们可以为余下的一天节省很多的尽力，这样我们就可以有活力、集中的学习了。说到健美操，它的好处就不用多说了。首先，健美操是伴随着音乐进行的，使其更令人愉快。此外，

40、根据一些数据显示，在练习完健美操后，我们的反应更快，大脑更清晰，效率也更高。这还包括。总而言之，这对我们的身心发展是极其有益的。综上所述，对于体育课改，我再同意不过了。我很期待他们能够实施的那一天。Recently, the PE teaching and research group of our school has come up with two brilliant ideas as a reform of curriculum课程/课程设置. One of them is to replace traditional morning training with free walk.

41、Plus, Aerobics and shadowboxing will be added to traditional courses. Hardly had the news been posted on the forum of the campus site when it aroused (ignited / sparked / triggered) a heated discussion among us students. As far as I am concerned (From my perspective / In my opinion), I will be total

42、ly in favour of it. The reasons are as follows.To begin with, the morning exercise we do now is running, which I think is not only dull but also a great drain on our energy. (Topic sentence) It goes without saying that we senior school students are burdened with (be buried in / be chained to / be fu

43、ll occupied with / be dominated by) study, many courses to attend, mountains of homework to do, both of which need lots of energy and concentration. After running, the majority of us feel exhausted rather than what is supposed to be refreshed. But if we switch to taking an excursion round the playgr

44、ound after getting up, it will make much difference. Much energy can be saved for the rest of the day so that we can work with vigor and concentration.When it comes to (Speaking of / Talking of) aerobics, its benefits are beyond words. For a start, it is practiced to music, making it more joyful. Ap

45、art from (Besides / In addition to) that, according to (based on) some statistics, after practicing aerobics for a period, our responses get quicker, our mind sharper and we become more efficient and productive. These include having a stronger heart, lower blood pressure, stronger bones, better slee

46、p, less body fat, more energy and less stress. In a word, it is surprisingly beneficial to our mental and physical development.(Conclusion: 首尾呼应，强调自己的观点)As mentioned above, I can not agree more to this reform of PE curriculum. I am looking forward with eagerness to the day when they will be actually carried out.给予观点类主题词组及句型积累：1. sth. arouse / ignite / spark / trigger a heated debate (discussion) among sb. (某事在某人中激起了激烈的讨论)2. The reasons are as follows. 原因如下3. It goes w