英语语法详解主谓一致语法课件.ppt

1、第1页，共18页。语法一致原则语法一致原则 语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语动词的语法形式。主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。例如：A letter has been sent to every student.Two letters have been sent to every student.第2页，共18页。意义一致原则意义一致原则 意义一致原则指主谓之间的一致关系不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义来决定。形式是单数的主语，其谓语可能是复数形式；反之，形式是复数的主语，其谓语有可能是单数（详见后文所述）。例如：The cla

2、ss are doing experiment on heat and light.The team are playing magnificently.The United States is a country advanced in science and technology.Ten dollars is all I have left.Two thirds of the area is under water.同一单词作主语，根据其表达意义的不同，有时用单数动词，有时却要用复数动词。例如：The family is the basic unit of the society.The

3、family have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy.第3页，共18页。就近原则就近原则 就近原则是指谓语动词与它最近的名词、代词或其他词在人称或数上保持一致。常见于eitheror;neithernor;there be;not onlybut also等.例如：Either you or he was wrong.There is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.Not only his children but he himself i

4、s hoping to be there.第4页，共18页。上述三条原则的具体应用比较复杂，以下几点需要特别注意。我们分三大类情况来看：(一)谓语动词用单数的情况谓语动词用单数的情况1 one,every,each,everyone,everybody,no,no one,one of,many a,more than one,either,neither,nobody,anyone,somebody,someone等作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Every/Each boy and girl is treated in the same way.Every/Each man a

5、nd every/each woman has good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.第5页，共18页。2 a kind of,a sort of,a portion of,a section of,a series of,a piece of,a pair of,a couple of 等修饰主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致原则一般用单数。例如：A pair of scissors is what he needs now.Two pairs of scissors are what he needs now.A

6、series of lectures on engineering is scheduled.There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.第6页，共18页。3 表示国家、单位、书报等名称或表示时间、距离、体积、度量衡（将它视为一整体）等的名词或短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The Netherlands is famous for its tulips.One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.Ten pounds was missing from the bill.The T

7、hirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel.第7页，共18页。4 不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词也要用单数。例如：To master at least a foreign language is very necessary in the present conditions.Forgetting the past means nothing but betrayal.When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided第8页，共18页。5 单数词作主语，虽然后接由as well

8、 as,along with,like,rather than,together with,besides,including,in addition to,accompanied by等词连接其他的词，谓语动词仍然用单数。例如：Gold,as well as silver,has recently risen in price.The factory,with all its equipment,has been burned.John together with his brothers has gone to the party.第9页，共18页。6 以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓

9、一致问题 某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politics statistics,economics,linguistics,athletics等,谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Acoustics studies the science of sound.Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。例如：Athletics have been greatly encourag

10、ed at this college.The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.第10页，共18页。以以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：arthritis（关节炎）,bronchitis（支气管炎）,diabetes（糖尿病）,mumps（腮腺炎）,phlebitis（静脉炎）,rickets（软骨病）,Measles（麻疹）这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Arthritis causes great pain in t

11、he joints of the patient.The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.Measles（麻疹）usually occurs in children.Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.第11页，共18页。以以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语 英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses,pincers,pliers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做

12、主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。例如：Marys glasses are new.Johns trousers are black.如果带有单位词，则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。例如：One pair of pincers isnt enough.Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.第12页，共18页。英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,remains，stair

13、s,suburbs,thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。例如：The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security.The contents of the book are most amusing.High wages often result in high prices.My thanks are sincere.第13页，共18页。(二二)谓语动词用复数的情况谓语动词用复数的情况1 both,some,few,many,several,the majority(of),the mi

14、nority(of)等词语作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business.Few of my classmates really understand me.The majority of(the)doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.2 以复数形式结尾的山脉、群岛、瀑布等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The Niagara Falls are very spectacular.The West Indies are commonly divi

15、ded into two parts.The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.3 表示群体或类属的“the+形容词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The injured were sent to hospital at once.In many western films,the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.第14页，共18页。(三三)谓语动词的单、复数要视情形而定的情况谓语动词的单、复数要视情形而定的情况1 由and连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。例如：Your problem

16、 and mine are similar.但当and连接的词语作整体考虑，指同一人、同一事物或概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The worker and poet has published a collection of poems recently.Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.当and连接两个形容词修饰一个单数名词作主语时，如果指一件事物谓语动词用单数；如果指两件事物则谓语动词用复数。例如：A black and white(黑白相间的)horse was trotting down.The red a

17、nd the yellow rose are both beautiful.第15页，共18页。2 集合名词如family,group,team,the public,crowd,committee,staff,government等作主语，表整体意义时用单数；表个体意义时用复数。例如：Our team has won the game.Our team are discussing about how to win.第16页，共18页。通常作复数的集体名词通常作复数的集体名词 包括police,people,cattle,militia,vermin,poultry(家禽）等，这些集体名词通

18、常用作复数。例如：The British police have only very limited powers.The militia were called out to guard the borderland.通常作不可数名词的集体名词通常作不可数名词的集体名词 通常作不可数名词的集体名词包括poultry（家禽肉）,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。例如：Poultry is expensive at this time of year.That green foliage was re

19、stful.The merchandise has arrived undamaged.第17页，共18页。3 一些表示数量的词，如 all of,a lot of,any of,most of,half of,two-thirds of,three fourths,eighty percent of,part of,the rest of,some of,none of,all of等与名词连用时，后面名词用单数则谓语动词用单数；名词用复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：A large percentage of our pilots retire early.A large percentage of his income is paid in income tax.Most of the book is interesting.Most of the books are informative though a little dull.第18页，共18页。