英语句子结构分析成分-PPT课件.ppt

1、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子种类两种分类法句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句陈述句（肯定、否定）：（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.2）疑问句疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Which one you prefer,yellow one or red one?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句祈使句：Be careful,boys.Dont talk in class4）感叹句感叹句：How cleve

2、r the boy is!按句子的结构可分三种：按句子的结构可分三种：1)简单句简单句2)并列句并列句3)复合句复合句简单句主谓 Things change./day broke主系表 He remains unhappy/He is a doctor主谓宾 She knows the facts/he enjoys swimming主谓宾宾 She brings us happiness/He asked me a question主谓宾宾补 I found the book easy/he watched the girl coming out of the room.简单句简单句(sim

3、ple sentence)只有一个限定动词（即只有只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。种作用中的一种。作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop c

4、lose at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!l简单句的五个基本句型l主语 不及物动词 She came.l主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.l主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happyl主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me.l主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry lThe teacher asked me to read the passage.1.主语（主语（su

5、bject）：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east（名词）He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词1.The teac

6、her with two of his students is walking into the classroom.2.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.3.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.谓语谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English.He is asleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like th

7、e picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon3.表语（表语

8、（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.（名词）You dont look it.（代词）Five and five is ten.（数词）He is asleep.（形容词）His father is in.（副词）The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)My watch is gone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）（常见的系动词有（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）（听起来）,look（

9、看起（看起来）来）,feel(摸起来，摸起来，smell（闻起来）（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃（尝、吃起来）起来）,remain（保持，仍是）（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）（感觉）It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.(三三)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man wa

10、s feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.4.宾语：宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I like China.（名词）（名词）He hates you.（代词）（代词）How many do y

11、ou need?We need two.（数词）（数词）I enjoy working with you.（动名词）（动名词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）（不定式）Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介介宾宾 Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow,there are many rocks.3）双宾语）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）（指物）He gave me a book yester

12、day.Give the poor man some moneyl(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语l My brother hasnt done his homework.l People all over the world speak English.l You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.l How many new words did you learn last class?l Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about y

13、ou?l his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimmingl5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。lWe elected him monitor.（名词）（名词）lWe all think it a pity that she didnt come here.（名词）（名词）lWe will make them happy.（形容词）（形容词）lWe found nobody in.(副词副词)lPlease make yourself at home.（介词短语）（介词短

14、语）Dont let him do that.（省（省to不定式）不定式）lHis father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带（带to不定式）不定式）lDont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）（现在分词）l Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词）（过去分词）l(五五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语l She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.l He aske

15、d her to take the boy out of school.l She found it difficult to do the work.l They call me Lily sometimes.l I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.l Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?l to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of schooll Lily get on the

16、 bus playing football on the playgroundl 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语l Please tell us a story.l My father bought a new bike for me last week.l Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.l Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.l Did he leave any message for me?l6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。子。lYanling is a

17、chemistry teacher.（名词）（名词）lHe is our friend.（代词）（代词）lWe belong to the third world.（数词）（数词）lHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）（形容词）lThe man over there is my old friend.(副词副词)lThe woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词介词)lThe boys playing football are in Class 2.（现（现在分词）在分词）lT

18、he trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词）（过去分词）lI have an idea to do it well.（不定式）（不定式）lYou should do everything that I do.（定语从句）（定语从句）l(六六)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语l They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.l What is your given name?l On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.l I am afraid some p

19、eople forgot to sweep the floor.l The man downstairs was trying to sleep.l family given third some downstairs l7.状语：用来修饰状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or 句子。表示时间、地点、原句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）述顺序排列）lI will go there tomorrow.lThe meeting will be held in the meeting

20、room.lThe meat went bad because of the hot weather.lHe studies hard to learn English well.lHe didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.lI like some of you very much.lIf you study hard,you will pass the exam.lHe goes to school by bike.lThough he is young,he can do it well.l(七七)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状

21、语l There was a big smile on her face.l Every night he heard the noise upstairs.l He began to learn English when he was eleven.l The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.l With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.l on the face Every night when he was eleven fast off附属成分附属成分基本成分

22、的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句。定定 语语(attribute)Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the

23、 desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分(substantive)（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some

24、gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if (he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.John should clean the room today and Peter(should clean it)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分(Omissive Component)连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的

25、连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成

26、分。连接成分连接成分(Conjunctive Component)l1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。谓语）。le.g.He often reads English in the morning.lTom and Mike are American boys.lShe likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.l我们可以给句子的我们可以给句子的动词加上副词动词加上副词修饰，给修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语名词加上形容词、介词短语

27、修饰，给句子修饰，给句子加上加上状语状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有都只有一个主谓结构一个主谓结构。lHe worked hard all his life.(划线部分在划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词句中作状语，修饰动词worked)lHe is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词词student)l2)并列句：并列句：l句型：句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句l并列

28、句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。它们之间用连词连结。le.g.You help him and he helps you.lThe future is bright;the road is tortuous.并列句的分类并列句的分类l1、表示连接、表示连接两个同等概念两个同等概念，常用，常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then等连接。等连接。le.g.

29、The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.l2、表示、表示选择选择，常用的连词有，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.l3、表示、表示转折转折，常用的连词有，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。等。le.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interestin

30、g.l4、表示、表示因果因果关系，常用的连词有关系，常用的连词有so,for等。等。le.g.August is the time of the year for rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。子。从句包括从句包括名词性从句名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从（主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句和同位语从句）句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句等。等。句型句型主句主句+连词连词+从句；或连词从句；或连词+从句从句+主句主句le

31、.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.l复合句就是复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。lAs is known to all,China is getting more and more powerful.(As 引导一个引导一个定语从句定语从

32、句)lWhere there is a will,there is a way.(Where引导一个表地点的状语从句引导一个表地点的状语从句)Exercises 判断句型判断句型l1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.l2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子整个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；是一个主语从句；what

33、he does 是一是一个宾语从句个宾语从句)l3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.l4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.l5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句6.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8.My brother and I g

34、o to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy co

35、untry music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句简单句简单句从句分类从句分类l从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。l在英语中，主要有三大从句，1.名词性从句名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）。2.形容词性从句形容词性从句（即定语从句）。3.副词性从句副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）句，表语从句，同位语从句）l主语从句用作主语，如：That the earth is round is t

36、rue.（斜体作主语）l表语从句用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone.（斜体作表语）l宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives?（斜体作宾语）l同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true.（that从句用于解释说明the fact）形容词性从句（即定语从句）形容词性从句（即定语从句）l定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answered the question was John

37、.（斜体从句做了student的形容词，回答问题的学生）副词性从句副词性从句l状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。l根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。l状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。lWhen it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）lIf he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天来

38、，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if+状语从句，主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。lHe returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。（结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn（得知），find（发现），see，hear，to be told（被告知），make（使得）等具有界限含义的动词。）lYou must speak louder so that/in order that you can be hear

39、d by all.你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。（目的状语，可以由that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in case等词引导。）lSince/As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.天气那么糟，旅行就推迟了。（原因状语从句，常用 because,since,as,for fear(恐怕),seeing that(既然)，now that(=since),considering that(考虑到)等引导。）lThough/Though he was worn ou

40、t,(still)he kept on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。（让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though,although,as;even if,even though;whether.or.;no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever.)lWhere I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。（地点状语从句，通常由where,wherever 引导。）lAs water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（方式状语从句通常由as,(just)asso,as if,as though引导。）l主句和从句的划分方法是相同的:句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分,谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词(be,look,remain,seem,sound,appear等)，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：lI am a teacher.其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。lHe likes playing football very much.其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。