Unit4 Discovering Useful Structures-ppt课件 -（2022）新人教版(2019新版)高中英语必修第三册.pptx

1、UNIT 4 SPACE EXPLORATIONDiscovering Useful Structures To smoke often is _ for your health.A.good B.bad2.It is _ for me to learn English.A.easy B.difficult To smoke often is bad for your health.2.It is difficult for me to learn English well.=To learn English well is difficult for me.过去分词过去分词 v-ed不定式不

2、定式 to+v动词的动词的v-ing非谓语动词非谓语动词 定义：动词不定式是定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词非谓语动词之一，表之一，表_，其主要，其主要功能是在句子中作功能是在句子中作_、_、_、_、_、_或用在一些固定结构中。或用在一些固定结构中。目的和将来主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语1.to do 不定式作主语翻译句子：学好英语不容易。动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式置于句末。e.g.To learn English well is not easy.=Its not easy to learn English well.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for+名词或

3、代词宾格”构成。结构：Its+adj for/of sb to do sth.描述逻辑主语性质、身份、特征的形容词后常用of 引导不定式的逻辑主语 good,kind,cruel,brave,honest,lazy,(un)selfish,wise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,rude,(im)polite,careful,careless 等。相关形容词有相关形容词有1.1.如果逻辑主语和形容词可以写成如果逻辑主语和形容词可以写成“sb.+be+“sb.+be+形容词形容词”，一般就用，一般就用 ofof。2.2.对某人来说，对某人来说，f

4、or sb.for sb.修饰人特性of/for?Its difficult_ me to work out the maths problem.forIts kind _you to help me.nice,kind,good,silly,clever,wrong,honesy修饰人easy;hard;difficult;interesting;exciting boring;修饰物或事 of2.to do 不定式作表语翻译句子：提高你英语的最佳方式是加入一个英语俱乐部。动词不定式作表语用来表示主语的身份,状态和特征等。可与系动词构成系表结构.The best way to improve

5、 your English is to join an English club.3.to do 不定式作宾语单句填空：The little boy decided _(plant)a tree in his school.宾语表示主语所做动作的承受者,一般跟在及物动词后面.e.g.We need to finish the task ahead of time.to plant接动词不定式作宾语常见的几个动词：1.需要做_ to do 2.决定做_ to do 3.想要做_ to do 4.希望做_ to do 5.开始做_ to do 6.拒绝做_ to do 7.学习做_ to do 8

6、.更愿意做_ to do 9.做某事失败_ to do 10.假装做_ to do.needdecidewanthopebeginrefuselearnpreferfailpretend4.to do 不定式作宾语补足语单句填空：The police ordered us not _(approach)the burning car.不定式作宾补，常用于以下结构：V+sb/sth+to do to approach接动词不定式作宾补常见的几个动词：1.说服_ sb to do 2.允许_ sb to do3.鼓励_ sb to do 4.期望_ sb to do5.说服_ sb to do 6

7、.提醒_ sb to do7.使让_ sb to do 8.建议_ sb to do9.邀请_ sb to do 10.命令_ sb to do.persuadeallowencourageexpectpersuaderemindaskadviseinviteorderThey saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.（改被动）Mother made John wash the car for a week.（改被动）2.在感官动词 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see,watch 和 使役动词 h

8、ave,let,make 等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带 to，但是 这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带 to。The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.John was made to wash the car for a week.but,exceptto takewatch二、特别提醒：hope,demand,agree,suggest,insist 等不能跟不定式作宾语补足语。hope to do sth.hope to do sth.hope that+hope that+从句从句 hope s

9、b.to do sth.hope sb.to do sth.希望某人做某事希望某人做某事expect sb.to do sth.expect sb.to do sth.5.to do 不定式作状语A group of young people got together _(discuss)this question.(做目的状语)A.为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加或在不定式前加in order 或或so as.例如：例如：做做，常用的结构：，常用的结构：to discussHe studied hard the exam.The ro

10、ad is too dangerous to cross.(做结果状语)B.做做,常与副词常与副词,或或连用连用1.My brother hurried to school,only _(find)that he forgot to bring books.2.The room needs to be big enough for three people _(live)in.3.I was too tired _(cook)at home.to findto liveto cook(做原因状语)常见于表示情感的形容词后，如happy/angry/afraid/glad/delighted/s

11、orrow等。6.to do 不定式作定语找不出不定式修饰的名词找不出不定式修饰的名词1.I have something to tell you.2.My mom is always the first to help me when I have trouble.something the first不定式中作定语修饰名词；something,anything等不定代词或者用在“序数词形容词最高级the last修饰的名词后。1.He has a lot of homework _.A.do B.to do C.doing D.did(如果不定式中的动词是vi.,则不定式中要有介词.)2.

12、He is looking for a room _.A.living B.to live C.to live in D.livedBC1)如果不定式所修饰的名词是 time,place 或或 way，不定式后面习惯上要省略介词省略介词。He had no money and no place to live.(如果我们用 room 代替 place，就应该用 no room to live in。因为此处的不定式与前面的名词构成动宾结构，不及物动词 live 要加 in 才能加宾语，即 to live in the room。但是在像 place 一样的特殊词汇，习惯上省略介词)He had

13、 no money and no room _.to live in2)不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但含义不同。如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语做的如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语做的,不定式用主动语态。不定式用主动语态。Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式 to send 的逻辑主语是 you)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式 to be sent 的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而是没有提到的 me 或 someone else

14、，这时不定式用被动语态)逻主句主，句主本人完成逻主句主，谁完成未知3)不定式作定语多表示将来，而动词-ing 形式表示正在进行或用途，过去词则表示已经完成和被动。a problem to be discussed tomorrow 明天要讨论的问题 a problem being discussed now 现在正讨论的问题 a problem discussed yesterday 已讨论多年的问题 a waiting room 候诊室 What do you think of the party _(hold)tomorrow?What do you think of the party

15、_(hold)last night?What do you think of the party _(hold)right now?Practice:to be heldheldbeing held7.to do 不定式疑问词+不定式 动词不定式动词不定式可以和可以和疑问词疑问词构成短语。构成短语。如如：We dont know how to use the machine.While seeting a schedule,we should deal with problem of where_(arrange)our accommodation.to arrange“疑问词+不定式”结构w

16、h-+to do相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。相当于名词，常作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。How to get help remains the essential problem.The question is how to educate the young generation._+to do _+to do itwhathow“疑问词+不定式”结构作know,wonder,discuss,teach,show等动词的宾语时，不定式前要加特殊疑问词，如：who,where,when,what,how等。eg:He is wondering where to find his

17、 lost bike.to do 的构成基本形式：to do 否定形式:not to do一般式一般式to do/to be doneI asked him to attend the meeting.The NO.8 subway,to be opened in 2021,will help to improve the traffic conditions in Beijing.0101同时同时之后之后0202to be doing进行式进行式He seems to be reading English poems.He seems to be thinking deeply,withou

18、t noticing me overpassing him.同时发生同时发生0303to have done/to have been done完成式完成式：He is said to have translated the book into English last year.translate the book.She is well known to have been to many countries,lecturing about animal protection.之前之前0404完成进行式完成进行式to have been doingHer son is known to h

19、ave been studying abroad for a while.She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for many years.之前一直在进行的动作之前一直在进行的动作Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicised infinitives.In pairs，discuss their functions and meanings.Find more examples from the unit.1 I trained for a l

20、ong time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.2 As we all know，an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.3 First of all，you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.4 Some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.5 On 1

21、2 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.Activity 1Describe space facts and efforts to explore space to do 作状语 to do 作状语 to do 作状语to do 作定语to do 作定语 Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or“in order to/so as to+do”.Change the italicised parts accordingly.1 In

22、 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space.2 In space，astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.3 Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamt that one day they would fly into space.Activity 2Describe pe

23、ople or things in greater detailDescribe people or things in greater detailDescribe space facts and efforts to explore space In 2003 Yuri Malenchenko became the first person to get married in space.In space，astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use.Mankind has always been

24、curious about the universe and many people have the dream to fly into space one day/have dreamt to fly into space one day.Rewrite the sentences using infinitives or“in order to/so as to+do”.Change the italicised parts accordingly.4 Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the l

25、ack of gravity，so they need to exercise every day，which will help them stay healthy.5 Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.6 During a spacewalk，astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under

26、control.Activity 2Describe people or things in greater detailDescribe people or things in greater detailDescribe space facts and efforts to explore space Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity，so they need to exercise every day to/in order to/so as to stay

27、 healthy.Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space to/in order to/so as to keep everything from floating off.During a spacewalk，astronauts have to move slowly to/in order to/so as to keep their bodies under control.Complete the passage with the correct forms of the

28、verbs in brackets.Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal_（achieve）.One of the problems is that the trip would take a very long time.For example，_（use）current technology，it would take over two years_（get）to the closest planet，Mars，and back.Although light i

29、s the fastest thing _（know）in the universe，it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system.Will scientists figure out a way_（store）sufficient food and water for the long journey?Is it possible to travel faster than light?No one knows the answers yet.However，space scientists never

30、 give up.They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _（help）astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space.Activity 3Describe people or things in greater detailDescribe people or things in greater detailDescribe space facts and efforts to explore space to achieve using to g

31、etknown to store to helpComplete the sentences using infinitives as the attribute or the adverbial.1 Q:Why is Yang Liwei famous in China?A:Because he is_(第一个进入太空的的中第一个进入太空的的中国宇航员国宇航员).2 Q:How do you feel about the film 2001：A Space Odyssey?A:Im afraid the film is_（太长太乏味而无法（太长太乏味而无法看它）看它）.3 Q:Why was

32、 the Russian space station Mir（和平号空间站）（和平号空间站）brought down out of orbit?A:One of the reasons is that Mir was too old and_（不再是安全的居所）（不再是安全的居所）.Activity 4Describe people or things in greater detailDescribe people or things in greater detailDescribe space facts and efforts to explore space the first Ch

33、inese astronaut to go into space.(WORKBOOK(WORKBOOK P80 P80 EX.EX.1)1)too long and boring for me to finish.no longer a safe place to live in.Complete the sentences using infinitives as the attribute or the adverbial.4 Q:Would you like to travel into space some day?A:Yes,and I want to become_（登陆火星的第（

34、登陆火星的第一个中国人）一个中国人）.5 Q:Could you provide a simple introduction to how space rockets work?A:I am afraid the whole process is_（太复杂了，无（太复杂了，无法用几句话解释清楚）法用几句话解释清楚）.Activity 4Describe people or things in greater detailDescribe people or things in greater detailDescribe space facts and efforts to explore s

35、pace become the first Chinese to land on Mars.(WORKBOOK P80 EX.1)too complicated to explain in a few words.hold build provide set carry select take launch Activity 51The space shuttle（航天飞机）was created as a reusable launch vehicle _astronauts and other equipment into space and back again.The shuttle

36、looks like an ordinary plane but it has a cargo bay(货仓)that is large enough_a satellite.2 Space probes(航天器）are often sent to places that are too far away or too dangerous for a human_foot in.For example in 1977,the Voyager I space probe was sent_pictures of the planets Saturn and Jupiter.Complete th

37、e sentences using the correct forms of the words in the box.to carry(WORKBOOK(WORKBOOK P81 P81 EX.EX.2)2)to hold to setto takehold build provide set carry select take launch Activity 53 The International Space Station was too big_on Earth and _into space,so different countries worked together and bu

38、ilt about 100 modules(分离舱).Afterwards,these modules were joined together in space_ living quarters,laboratories,and other equipment for astronauts _for months.4 As the first woman _to make a trip into space,Tereshkova felt lucky and proud When the great day finally came,she was almost too excited _

39、asleep!Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the words in the box.to build(WORKBOOK(WORKBOOK P81 P81 EX.EX.2)2)launchto provideto live selectedto fallmake do be connect get see send Activity 6On 17 October 2016,Chinas space agency launched the Shenzhou 11 space vehicle_ with Tiangong 2 s

40、pace laboratory.The vehicle carried the astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong.The connection between Shenzhou 11 and Tiangong2 took about two hours to be completed.The astronauts had many tasks_in space as part of their mission.Firstly,they had to float through a narrow 80-centimetre wide tube so as

41、_on board Tiangong 2.Once safely on board,the pair waved to the camera on Tiangong 2,_ greetings to everyone back home.Then they performed various experiments.For example,they grew rice in space.They also gave themselves medical check-ups _how their bodies were affected by _in space.Jing Haipeng and

42、 Chen Dong finally returned to Earth 30 days later,_their space mission the longest such mission by Chinese astronauts to date.Complete the passage using the correct forms of the words in the box.to connect(WORKBOOK(WORKBOOK P81 P81 EX.EX.3)3)to do to get sending/to send to see being making核心词汇1 1 f

43、irst first of all of all 首先，第一（用来列举事物或突出重要性）First First of allof all，you should know what profession suits you.首先，你该知道什么职业适合你。【归纳归纳拓展拓展】come first 首先；名列第一；首先要考虑的first and foremost 首先；首要的是first and last 从各方面看；完全地from the（very）first 从一开始from first to last 从头至尾；自始至终at first 起初；起先2 so as to2 so as to（do

44、 sth.do sth.）为了，以便（表示目的）为了，以便（表示目的）【学法点拨】【学法点拨】动词不定式的一个主要作用是在句中作目的状语。动词不定式的一个主要作用是在句中作目的状语。in order to in order to 或或so as to so as to 则使目则使目的更加明确。的更加明确。（1 1）so as to so as to 一般不放在句首，否定形式是一般不放在句首，否定形式是so as not toso as not to。（2 2）in order to in order to 可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是in order not t

45、oin order not to。【归纳拓展】【归纳拓展】so thatso that，in order that in order that 意为意为“为了，目的是为了，目的是”，引导目的状语从句。，引导目的状语从句。The teacher explained it again so that we could understand the The teacher explained it again so that we could understand the passage.passage.为了使我们明白那段文章，老师又把它讲了一遍。为了使我们明白那段文章，老师又把它讲了一遍。3 re

46、cycle v.3 recycle v.回收利用；再利用回收利用；再利用recycle the waste material recycle the waste material 回收废物回收废物recycle the paper/glass recycle the paper/glass 回收纸回收纸/玻璃玻璃recycle the garbage recycle the garbage 循环利用垃圾循环利用垃圾recycled materials recycled materials 回收的材料回收的材料The ecological system can recycle by itself

47、.The ecological system can recycle by itself.生态系统本身就可以循环。生态系统本身就可以循环。【词语积累】【词语积累】（1 1）recycling n.recycling n.回收利用回收利用（2 2）re-re-可以作动词前缀，表示可以作动词前缀，表示“又，再，重新又，再，重新”。cycle n.cycle n.循环；周期循环；周期 recycle v.recycle v.回收利用；再利用回收利用；再利用 place v.place v.放；置放；置 replace v.replace v.取代；把取代；把放回原处放回原处 move v.move

48、v.移动移动 remove v.remove v.移开；挪走移开；挪走 use v.use v.使用使用 reuse v.reuse v.再利用再利用 build v.build v.建；建造建；建造 rebuild v.rebuild v.重建重建4 lack n.&vt.4 lack n.&vt.（1 1）n.n.缺乏；短缺缺乏；短缺the lack of.the lack of.缺乏缺乏搭配搭配a lack of a lack of 缺少缺少for/because of/through lack of for/because of/through lack of 因为缺乏因为缺乏（2）v

49、t.没有；缺乏【误区警示】（1）lack 作动词时，是及物动词，其后直接接宾语；lack 作名词时，其后接介词of。（2）lacking是形容词，表示“没有，缺乏，不足”，构成搭配：be lacking in.缺乏None of his plans ever comes through because he is lacking in determination.他的计划一个都没成功，因为他没有决心。5 otherwise adv.5 otherwise adv.否则；要不然；用别的方法；在其他方面；除此之外否则；要不然；用别的方法；在其他方面；除此之外搭配：搭配：or otherwise o

50、r otherwise 或其他情况，或相反或其他情况，或相反【学法点拨】【学法点拨】（1 1）otherwise otherwise 通常用于通常用于“祈使句祈使句+otherwise+otherwise+陈述句陈述句”句型，意为句型，意为“否则否则”，相，相当于当于oror。（2 2）otherwise otherwise 作句子副词时，还常用于引起含蓄型虚拟语气句，表示如果某事没有作句子副词时，还常用于引起含蓄型虚拟语气句，表示如果某事没有发生，发生，就会发生另一件事，该句谓语部分多用就会发生另一件事，该句谓语部分多用“would/could have done would/could h