江苏各市高三英语上册2018-2019年10月考分类汇编：任务型阅读（含答案）.doc

1、江苏 高三上 2018-2019 10分类汇编-任务型（含答案）无锡一中Your grandpa probably complained that rain was coming-he could feel it in his knees. We wouldnt want to question an elders wisdom, but is there any scientific basis in his claims? One expert, Elaine Husni, director of Cleveland Clinics Arthritis(关节炎) and Musculosk

2、eletal Center, explains the effects of barometric pressure (气压) and why these aches and pains could be telling.Dr. Husni says that many, but not all, of her osteoarthritis patients complain that weather does influence their pain levels. “There is some consensus that lower barometric pressure and dro

3、pping temperatures correlate with more joint pain,” says the Cleverland doctor. Barometric pressure-essentially the weight of the air around us-drops when it gets colder. The thinking, she explains, is that lightness can cause the thin lining known as the joint capsule(关节囊)， which surrounds joints a

4、nd maintains lubrication(润滑), to expand and stretch nerves, causing pain. A similar phenomenon can occur with humidity changes: There can be shifts in pressure that cause swelling around the joints, Dr. Husni says.Theories include that “patients with arthritis already have inflammation(炎症) of their

5、joints(specifically around the joint capsule) so any additional changes in the atmosphere could be detected more easily,” she says. “Perhaps the nerve endings are more sensitive in patients with arthritis.”People with migraines (偏头痛) sometimes insist they feel headaches coming on when the air turns

6、cold and the air pressure drops. These are called barometric pressure headaches, and a small study of 31 migraine sufferers in Naples, Italy, found that low pressure can lead to constricted(收缩的) blood vessels and result in more severe headaches, though the reasons, according to scientists, arent tot

7、ally clear.Dr. Husni is quick to point out that clinical studies have been conducted to find direct correlations between patients with hip or knee pains and changes in the weather, but the results were mixed. “There does seem to be a loose association between certain temperature variables like barom

8、etric pressure, cold temperatures and humidity and increased joint pain, but it isnt so easy for patients to say with precision, It will be 60 degrees and rainy tomorrow,” she says. While many patients do feel more pain when it gets cold or humid, “they are not psychic(灵媒). In studies, they couldnt

9、predict the weather with accuracy.”The studies Dr. Husni cites dont pinpoint (准确描述) an exact time of when pain is set off by changing temperatures, nor has she seen evidence that certain climates are better for those with joint pain. “A lot of people with osteoarthritis say they do better in warmer

10、climates, but the changes in climate arent always clinically meaningful,” says the joint expert. She cites a study that tracked online searches for terms related to arthritis and knee and hip pain and weather changes across 5 years in 50 American cities. When temperatures fell to between minus 5 and

11、 30, search volumes(量) for hip pain increased by 12 index points, and knee pain increased by 18 index points; above 30, search volumes dropped by 7 index points. Still, says Dr. Husni, the study didnt prove predictive abilities-just curiosity. “Its not like you need to move to a warmer climate,” she

12、 says.Blustery(大风的) weather may indeed increase pain in those who suffer from joint pain, but Dr.Husni suggests some basic fixes. No matter your local climate, keep your core warm and dry, she says. A sweater, scarf and gloves are perfectly fine well into March. No hard evidence suggests that applyi

13、ng heat or cold will eradicate joint pain. But “if an ice pack feels good or a heat pad helps, Im not going to stop my patients from using them,” she says.Anti-inflammatory medications are also go-tos, but Dr. Husni encourages patients with arthritis and other joint discomfort to seek medical advice

14、. “Consult your doctor, who can treat you personally, she says. “Osteoarthritis affects 27% of Americans, and there are a lot of experts out there. Get diagnosed, get help, and you dont have to suffer in bad weather.Can achy joints predict the weather?IntroductionElders tend to _71_ achy joints on t

15、he change in weather.The scientific  _72_ for weather-related painA _73_ in air pressure and temperature correspond to more joint pain.Swelling tissues caused by high humidity put _74_on joints and increase pain.The presence of joint inflammation puts patients with arthritis in a more  _75

16、_ situation.The _76_ results of those clinical studiesThere seems to be a loose link between certain temperature variables and increased joint pain.Patients with hip or knee pain have _77_ predicting the weather with accuracy.Whether certain climates are better for those with joint pain is _78_.Some

17、 suggestions for _79_ joint painWhatever the cause of joint pain, patients can manage it with _80_ therapy and different medications.南京外国语In a study just published in the journal Intelligence, using search terms such as “stupid thing to do”, Balazs Aczel and his colleagues compiled a collection

18、 of stories describing stupid mistakes from sources such as The Huffington Postand TMZ. The researchers then had a sample of university students rate each story on the responsibility of the people involved, the influence of the situation, the seriousness of the consequences, and other fact

19、ors.Analyses of the subjects ratings revealed three varieties of stupid mistakes. The first is when a persons confidence goes beyond their skill, as when a Pittsburgh man robbed two banks in broad daylight without wearing a disguise, believing that lemon juice he had rubbed on his face would make hi

20、m invisible to security cameras.The confidence-skill disconnection has been named the Dunning-Kruger effect, after a study by social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. Dunning and Kruger had Cornell undergraduates perform tests of humor, logic, and grammar, and then rate how well they th

21、ink they performed compared to other subjects in the study. The worst performing subjects, whose scores put them in the 12th percentile, estimated that they had performed in the 62nd percentile. Summarizing the findings, Dunning noted, “Poor performersand we are all poor performers at some thingsfai

22、l to see the flaws in their thinking or the answers they lack.” When we think we are at our best is sometimes when we are at our objective worst.As any number of political scandals illustrate, the second type of stupid mistake involves impulsive actswhen we seem unable to keep our behavior in check.

23、 In the scandal that became known as Weinergate, former U.S. representative Anthony Weiner sent blue texts and pictures of himself to women he met on Facebook. (After resigning, Weiner continued his cyber-dalliances, and then fell prey to the Dunning-Kruger effect when he overestimated his support i

24、n the 2013 New York City mayoral primary; he received 5% of the vote.)The final variety of stupid mistake involves failing to concentrateHomer Simpsonesque Doh moments. As arguably the best example from American sports history, in the 1929 Rose Bowl, University of California star Roy Riegels re

25、covered a fumble(失误球) and returned it 65 yards the wrong way. Riegels mistake set up a safety for Georgia Tech, which turned out to be the deciding factor in the opponents victory. Aczel and colleagues analyses revealed that subjects viewed this category of stupid mistake as the least stupid.It is,

26、of course, unrealistic to think that we could ever eliminate human error. To err will always be human. However, this research gives us a better description of our failings and weaknesses, and a place to start in thinking about interventions and prescriptions to help us err less. This research also r

27、eminds us of our shared human weaknesses. We all tend to overestimate our abilities, to make impulsive decisions, and to fail to keep attention. This simple realization makes stupid mistakes seem, perhaps, a little less stupid and a little more human.Title: Why you make breathtakingly stupid mi

28、stakes(1) _ of the researchl Compiling stories about stupid mistakes from some sources.l Rating the stories on the factors like responsibilities, influence, etc.l (2)_ how the subjects rate the stories.Types of stupid mistakesConfidence-skill disconnectionl It happens when confidence (3)_ skill.Eg.

29、A man rubbing lemon juice on his face robbed banks by (4) _ his head in the sand like an ostrich（鸵鸟）.l The outcome may be just the (5)_ when we overestimate our skills.Impulsive actsl We cannot put our behavior under (6) _.Eg. Weiner disturbed women by sending blue texts and picture, which put

30、him at a disadvantage in mayoral primary.(7) _ of attentionl Though viewed as the least stupid, it can be a deciding factor in many cases.Eg. Roy Riegels running the wrong way with a fumble (8)_ for Georgia Tech winning the game.Value of the researchl Providing us with a clear image of our

31、 failings and weaknesses.l Helping us err less (9)_ we are unlikely to stay away from error.l Enabling us to evaluate our abilities objectively, make rational decisions and always get (10)_.海安高级中学The benefits of being an independent business are truly great. Beyond the rewarding nature of owning som

32、ething truly unique, small businesses have the edge over their big business counterparts in many areas. Consider the importance of being independent and how that independence can help drive your business.To some, having fewer customers simply means less cash flow; however, having a smaller base also

33、 allows you to focus more on customer satisfaction.Companies are always searching for ways to improve customer service and have more of their business. Whether through paying special attention to who comes through your door or monitoring your customers through the social network, its less of trouble

34、 to make sure your customers needs are being met when theres a smaller sample to deal with. In addition, it becomes much easier to create a personal connection with buyers when you have enough time and attention to show them some love.Small businesses have an inherent advantage over their big box co

35、mpetitors in the sense that they can offer something different. People want to see the independent businesses that offer unique products and flavor to their communities. Your business can be the difference when it comes to what customers want.Of course, big box companies will almost always beat you

36、down when it comes to price. Consider, however, that if you can offer a truly unique product or experience, price becomes much less of an issue.People like the idea of supporting local independent businesses versus “the big guys”. So, what businesses are booming due to the rise of independence?Craft

37、 Beer(精酿啤酒)-The craft beer movement in the United States is supported so widely that big breweries have taken to creating their own competing “craft beer” brands in an attempt to follow the trend. While Anheuser Busch represents nearly half of Americas breweries, craft beer has seen a huge jump in s

38、ales in recent years.Video Games-Whether through PCs, traditional consoles or mobile games, independent developers are supported by enthusiastic fans and micro-transactions in an industry that was formerly dominated by bigger developers.Musicians-The modern web offers immense opportunities to musici

39、ans, resulting in more economic and artistic freedom. A surprising number of mainstream artists have seen great success from their independent releases, such as Macklemores The Heist which has sold over one million copies in the United States alone.Some small businesses dont want to be small busines

40、ses forever. Regardless, consider what independence does for you and your company. If you offer something out of the ordinary, you can build an audience that respects your individuality and supports your cause.The necessity of being an independent businessA (71)     on customer satisfactio

41、nA smaller sample of customers makes it easy to(72)      to customers needs。With enough time and attention to show customers some love, an independent business person finds it easier to connect with them (73)     .An offer of something completely differentSmall businesses ca

42、n offer something (74)     the ordinary to their communities.Being different can (75)     a large number of active consumer groups.A really unique product or experience can make customers (76)     price less seriously.An appeal to an independent businessIn the USA, craf

43、t beer is very popular with people, having (77)     well in recent years.Independent game developers gain the support of crazy fans in an industry that (78)     to be in the control of bigger developers.A surprising number of mainstream artists (79)     great success to

44、 their independent releases.A chance to (80)     for some small businessesFor some small businesses, independence can attract a group of people that respect their individuality and support their development.徐州一中Regret is as common an emotion as love or fear, and it can be nearly as powerfu

45、l. We feel it when we either blame ourselves for things that turned out badly, or long to undo a choice we made in the past. The effect regret has on our lives and how we deal with regret are equally important.In some cases, regret can be disastrous. In 1995, a British man who regularly played one s

46、et of lottery numbers forgot to renew his ticket during the week that his numbers came up. He was so filled with regret and self-blame that he committed suicide. While this is an extreme consequence of regret, it can have many other lesser effects on the mind and body that can still seriously affect

47、 our lives.According to recent research, women have more regrets about romantic relationships than men donot surprising, since women “value social relationships more than men”. In collectivist culture where many aspects of life are arranged, people feel less regret, since many choices were made for

48、them. There was an even split between regrets about inaction (not doing something) and action (do something you wish you didnt). The research found that some regrets are more likely than others to stay over time: people tend to hang on longer to the regret of inaction or the opportunities they have

49、missed; meanwhile, regrets of action tend to be more recent. Held inside for too long, regret can affect the immune system. If one fails to learn and grow from past mistakes, deep feeling of regret can stay locked inside, keeping one from fully engaging with life. This can put stress on relationships, careers, and many other aspects of life. In addition, too many regrets can lead to s