疼痛的诊断和治疗(英文)课件.ppt
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1、疼痛的诊断和治疗(英文)l疼痛学疼痛学l【目的要求】:目的要求】:l1. 掌握术后镇痛重要性及病人自控镇痛应用掌握术后镇痛重要性及病人自控镇痛应用l2. 掌握掌握慢性疼痛治疗的基本方法及治疗原则慢性疼痛治疗的基本方法及治疗原则l3掌握掌握癌痛药物治疗的三阶梯原则癌痛药物治疗的三阶梯原则l4. 熟悉熟悉疼痛的恶性循环疼痛的恶性循环及传导通路,及传导通路,神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理;l5. 了解疼痛的简史、分类、机理和测量评估了解疼痛的简史、分类、机理和测量评估l【讲授内容】:【讲授内容】:l疼痛基本知识(概念、发展简史、疼痛基本知识(概念、发展简史、疼痛的测定与评估疼痛的测定与
2、评估、发生机理及传、发生机理及传导通路)导通路)l慢性疼痛的治疗方法及原则,神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理及适应症、禁慢性疼痛的治疗方法及原则,神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理及适应症、禁忌症忌症l癌痛治疗方法癌痛治疗方法l术后镇痛:定义、术后疼痛对机体的影响、术后镇痛的意义及方法;术后镇痛:定义、术后疼痛对机体的影响、术后镇痛的意义及方法;l病人自控镇痛:定义、方法、分类及适应症、基本术语及意义。病人自控镇痛:定义、方法、分类及适应症、基本术语及意义。l【重点难点】:【重点难点】:l难点:疼痛的发病机理及传导通路;难点:疼痛的发病机理及传导通路;l重点:重点:1.疼痛的恶性循环及神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理;疼痛的
3、恶性循环及神经阻滞治疗疼痛的机理;l 2.慢性疼痛的治疗方法及癌痛的三阶梯药物治疗;慢性疼痛的治疗方法及癌痛的三阶梯药物治疗;l 3.术后疼痛对机体的影响术后疼痛对机体的影响及术后镇痛的意义。及术后镇痛的意义。l四、【讲授时数】:四、【讲授时数】:2 3学时学时l五、【参考书】:疼痛诊疗学五、【参考书】:疼痛诊疗学 第一版第一版l Pain: Intruduction Every person may experience pain at some time, in some extent, for some reason. Pain is one of the most important
4、part of our sensation, which warn us of kinds of injuries/risks so that we can avoid or deal with these injuries/risks. Pain also cause us unpleasant feeling, influence on our physiological function and life quality, even threat on our lives. This make pain an important problem to be treated clinica
5、lly. It is necessary for us medical students to have a good understanding of pain. Intruductionl 每一个人生命过程中会由于不同原因在不同时期不同程度受到疼痛的折磨,严重时会影响生理机能和生命质量,甚至危及生命安全。有的时候疼痛本身就是一种病(如三叉神经痛),或者引起疼痛的原发疾病已不那么重要(如晚期癌痛),使疼痛治疗成为唯一的选择 The development of pain management3500 DC Egyptian used opioidAdvance in the field of
6、 painlBasic researchlMore targeting,less toxic drugslPCA lMicroinvasive techniques国际疼痛研究会和国际疼痛研究会和WHO提出:提出:l疼痛是人体第五大生命体征;l慢性疼痛是一种疾病;l解除疼痛是患者的基本权利。The history of pain managementDefinition of Painlpain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,
7、 or described in terms of such damage.13Teaching Outlinel Basic aspect l Anatomyl Injury and painl Processing of painl Clinical aspectl Effect on bodyl Classificationl Pain assessment and diagnosisl Pain treatmentl Advancement in pain managementBasic aspect of PainInjury and painTRAUMAPOTENTIAL INJU
8、RYINTOXICATIONSURGERYINFECTIONTUMORDEGENERATIONASIC/BNCThe Model of Pain by Descartes22Teaching Outlinel Basic aspect l Anatomyl Injury and painl Processing of painl Clinical aspectl Classification l Effect on bodyl Pain assessment and diagnosisl Pain treatmentl Advancement in pain managementclassif
9、icationl Good gain pain:physiological pain(good pain)l“good pain”alarmingprotectionl No good gain pain:pathophysiological pain(bad pain)l bad pain except alariming,pain is of no goodWe would like with no pain system if we had other alarming systemshyperalgesia对伤害性刺激敏感性增强和反应阈值降低allogesia非痛刺激引起。自发痛-损伤
10、区域Bad pain坏痛elimination消除SensitizationGottschalk A, Smith DS. Am Fam Physician. 2001;1979-84.Pain Intensity10 8 6 4 2 0Stimulus IntensityNormalPainResponseAllodyniaHyperalgesiaclassficationl 从病程分l acute painl chronic painl 从人体的部位分l headachel cervical-shouder painl thoracico-abdominal painl low back
11、painl从疼痛的来源分l 皮肤痛l muscles pain、tendons pain、ligaments pain l arthralgial bone painl visceral painl neuropathic pain(central pain)pathogenic classficationl无菌性炎症(inflammation pain)椎管内外或关节内外软组织因急性损伤后遗或慢性劳损而引起的损害性疼痛。l神经病理性疼痛neuropathic pain_机械性压迫(mechanic pressure)机体生物力学失去平衡,解剖位置改变,肌应力异常引起的神经血管受压性疼痛。(n
12、europathic pain神经病理性疼痛)l癌痛(cancer pain )部位分类部位分类position classficationl浅表痛(superficial pain)由机械性、化学性、物理性的不良刺激引起皮肤、黏膜部位的疼痛。程度剧烈、定位精确多呈局限性如刀割、针刺。Adelta神经传递。l深部痛(deep pain)内脏、关节、胸膜、腹部受刺激而产生的疼痛,常为灼痛,无明显疼痛部位,不呈局限性。C神经传递l中枢痛(central pain)-疼痛强烈、持久、难忍疼痛的性质分类疼痛的性质分类l刺痛(pricking pain)l灼痛(burning pain)l胀痛(dist
13、ending pain)l酸痛(aching pain)l绞痛(colicky pain)Treatment of painSignificance of pain treatmentl Control pain and facilitate rehabilitation(消除疼痛,促进恢复)l Improve body function and life quality(改善机体功能和生活质量)l Treat original disease(治疗原 发病)疼痛治疗的原疼痛治疗的原则则l 明确诊断l 除痛与病因治疗相结合l 综合治疗l 确保安全有效常用治疗方法常用治疗方法l 药物疗法l 物理
14、疗法l 心理疗法l 手术疗法l 介入疗法、l 神经阻滞疗法l 其他疗法l 疼痛治疗可以在疼痛产生过程的各个环节进行l 采用多模式的综合疗法l 目前,大多数疼痛是可以得到治疗或控制的;而且新的技术不断发展Pharmacotherapy for PainCategories of analgesic drugslOpioid analgesicslNonopioid analgesicslAdjuvant analgesicslDrugs for headacheThe first ladder analgesics:Nonopioid AnalgesicslAcetaminophen (para
15、cetamol)lNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsNonopioid AnalgesicslAcetaminophen (paracetamol)lMinimal anti-inflammatory effectslFewer adverse effects than other nonopioid analgesics lAdverse effects lRenal toxicity lRisk for hepatotoxicity at high doses lIncreased risk with liver disease or chronic
16、alcoholismlNo effect on platelet functionNSAIDslMechanismlInhibit both peripheral and central cyclo-oxygenase(COX), reducing prostaglandin formationl2 isoforms of COXlCOX-1: Constitutive, physiologiclCOX-2: Inducible, inflammatoryCOX Pathway and NSAIDs, COX-2Arachidonic acid (an fatty acid)COX-1COX-
17、2Normalconstituentlbrainlkidneylovary luterusInduciblelinflammationlpainlfeverCoxibsNSAIDs(-)(-)lgastric cytoprotectionlrenal sodium / water balancelplatelet aggregationGlucocorticoids(block mRNA expression)(-)NormalconstituentAnd MI / stroke risk factorsDose-dependent toxicityIntolerability, dyspep
18、siaGI bleedingUlcers bleeds / perforationsUpper-GIRenalFluid retention, oedema, hypertensionRenal dysfunction / failure acute / chronicHeart failureAnti-platelet effectsAngioedema, bronchospasmContributes to blood lossHypersensitivityNSAIDs - Safety ConcernsOpioid Therapy in Pain Related to Medical
19、Illness Opioid therapy is the mainstay approach for Acute pain Cancer pain AIDS pain Pain in advanced illnessesBut undertreatment is a major problemOpioids-Routes of Administrationl Oral (pills, liquid)l Rectall Transdermall Transmucosall SubQl (IM)l IVl Epidurall Intrathecal=modalities (PCA)Opioids
20、 Side Effectsl Commonl Constipationl Nauseal Pruritisl Sedationl Less commonlRespiratory depressionlUrinary retentionlMyoclonic jerkslDeliriumlSeizures其他其他lLocal anestheticlNeurolytic drugslGlucocorticoid hormonelAdjuvant analgesicsNerve blocklWhat is a nerve block?Nerve block is a general term, but
21、 it basically means the injection of a local anesthetic or a neurolytic agent into or near a peripheral nerve, a sympathetic nerve plexus, or a local pain-sensitive trigger point.什麽是神经阻滞什麽是神经阻滞(nerve block)(nerve block)是指在末梢的脑脊髓神经节,脑是指在末梢的脑脊髓神经节,脑脊髓神经,交感神经节等神经内脊髓神经,交感神经节等神经内或附近注入药物或用物理方法使或附近注入药物或用物理
22、方法使针触到神经给予刺激,阻断神经针触到神经给予刺激,阻断神经传导功能。传导功能。疼痛临床是指以神经阻滞为主的麻醉学方疼痛临床是指以神经阻滞为主的麻醉学方法诊疗疼痛性疾病的一门学科。法诊疗疼痛性疾病的一门学科。既要找出病因,又要使患者达到治疗的目既要找出病因,又要使患者达到治疗的目的。的。 脑脑脊髓脊髓 压迫血管压迫血管 感觉神经感觉神经 血管收缩血管收缩 组织缺血、缺氧组织缺血、缺氧 致痛物质致痛物质 肌肉收缩肌肉收缩交感神经交感神经运动运动N 疼痛的恶性循环疼痛的恶性循环 cortex cortexSpinal cord sensory nerve vasoconstrictionisch
23、emia hypoxia(tissue) pain substance muscular contractionsympathetic nerve motor nerve Mechanisms:: Improving Anti-inflammatory effect trauma injury herpes zoster pain pain Blood vessel compressed神经阻滞奏效的机理:神经阻滞奏效的机理: 阻断疼痛的传导通路阻断疼痛的传导通路 阻断疼痛的恶性循环阻断疼痛的恶性循环 改善血行状态改善血行状态 抗炎症作用抗炎症作用神经阻滞疗法的位置神经阻滞疗法的位置1 1 药
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