制造成本管理教材-课件(2).ppt
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1、制造成本管理制造成本管理HD HD 工厂工厂 IE/GKIE/GK科科讲授大纲o了解浪费了解浪费o成本管理的目的成本管理的目的o成本管理的重要性成本管理的重要性o制造成本的要素制造成本的要素o财务会计的目的分类方式财务会计的目的分类方式o成本的构成成本的构成o创造利益的架构创造利益的架构o公司的成本管理活动公司的成本管理活动o成本管理活动之具体推进方法成本管理活动之具体推进方法What is MudaMUDAMUDA 是日文的英语发音是日文的英语发音中文意思是中文意思是浪费浪费NO VALUE ADDED NO VALUE ADDED 没有价值增加没有价值增加What is MUDAWhat
2、is MUDAMUDA浪费 Work 工作 Unavoidable 不可避免 Avoidable 可避免Any operation includes Work and Muda任何运作都包含有用功和浪费Motion移动No Value Added没有价值增加Operation before KAIZEN运作改善前What is MUDAWhat is MUDAMUDA WorkUnavoidable AvoidableVSM is intended to take Kaizen activity and to apply NPS skills to eliminate all kinds of
3、 MUDA for increasing the part of work.自主研究会目的是采取改善活动和应用NPS技术去消除各种浪费以增加工作的比重。Operation after KAIZEN运作改善后Work工作Value Added价值增加Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance and Work KaizenoWork Enhance:To add more work load on operation but not reduce MUDA o工作强化:给操作者增加工作量,但不消除浪费oWork Kaizen:To remove MUDA s
4、o that there have more time for worko工作改善:减少浪费从而有更多时间用于工作续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance and Work KaizenCurrent situation目前的工作现状目前的工作现状(load:20 Kg)(load:20 Kg)负荷量为负荷量为2020公斤公斤Work工作工作10KgMUDA浪费浪费10Kg续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance劳动强化劳动强化(Load 25Kg)负
5、荷量为负荷量为2525公斤公斤Work工作工作10KgMUDA浪费浪费10KgWork工作工作2.5KgWork工作工作2.5Kg续下Work Enhance and Work KaizenWork Enhance and Work KaizenWork Kaizen工作改善(Load 20 Kg)负荷量仍为负荷量仍为2020公斤公斤Work工作工作10 KgWork工作工作5 KgMUDA浪费浪费5 Kg续下Seven Kinds of MUDA(七大浪费)oINVENTORY o 库存Water level Water level 水平面水平面=Inventory=Inventory库存库
6、存Rock=ProblemRock=Problem岩石岩石=问题问题Seven Kinds of MUDASeven Kinds of MUDAoOVER-PRODUCTION o 过量生产Seven Kinds of MUDASeven Kinds of MUDAoWAITING/MONITORINGo等待/观察Seven Kinds of MUDASeven Kinds of MUDAoREJETCTS/REWORKSo不合格品/返工Seven Kinds of MUDASeven Kinds of MUDAoTRANSPORTATIONo运输Seven Kinds of MUDASeve
7、n Kinds of MUDAoMOTIONo动作Seven Kinds of MUDAoPROCESSINGo加工过程MUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryoThis refers to all of the inventory(materials,Work-In-This refers to all of the inventory(materials,Work-In-Process and finished goods)that derives from the process Process and finished goods)that derives
8、from the process of production and Transportation.of production and Transportation.o这提到的全部库存(原料,在制品和完成品)来源于生产这提到的全部库存(原料,在制品和完成品)来源于生产工序工序和运输工序。工序工序和运输工序。oInventory is the root of evilInventory is the root of evilo库存是罪恶的根源库存是罪恶的根源续下MUDA of InventoryMUDA of Inventory库存的浪费库存的浪费oResults is MUDA of Tran
9、sportation,storage,allocation,security and Results is MUDA of Transportation,storage,allocation,security and searchsearcho运输,仓储,放置,防护和寻找的浪费结果运输,仓储,放置,防护和寻找的浪费结果oDifficulty for First-In-First-Out product flowDifficulty for First-In-First-Out product flowo使产品先进先出的流动困难使产品先进先出的流动困难oLoss in interest and
10、management expenseLoss in interest and management expenseo损失利息和管理费用损失利息和管理费用oDown Value of the material/productDown Value of the material/producto材料材料/产品的价值下降产品的价值下降oIncreasing space requirement and results in MUDA of investment of Increasing space requirement and results in MUDA of investment of ex
11、pansion of warehouse and plant.expansion of warehouse and plant.o增加空间的需求,结果使仓库和工厂的建设投资浪费增加空间的需求,结果使仓库和工厂的建设投资浪费MUDA of InventoryMUDA of Inventory续下MUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryoInventory results in hiding problems.o库存的结果是隐藏了问题库存的结果是隐藏了问题oPrinciple:To expose the problem.First is to cut down the
12、level of inventory.o原则:要使问题暴露,首先必须降低原则:要使问题暴露,首先必须降低库存的水平。库存的水平。续下Water level 水平面水平面=Inventory库存库存Rock=Problem岩石岩石=问题问题Inventory results in hiding problems.库存的结果是隐藏了问题库存的结果是隐藏了问题MUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryMUDA of InventoryCant see rock=Problem不可见岩石=问题Cant see rock=Problem可见岩石
13、=问题Production FluctuationProduction Fluctuation生产波动生产波动7 MUDAs7 MUDAs7 7种浪费种浪费Set up timeSet up time时间时间EquipmentEquipmentBreakdownBreakdown设备故障设备故障MUDA of OverproductionoThis refers to produce anythingo这指下述任一情况1)earlier than needed time and/or1)早于需求时间和/或2)In greater volumes than needed(as indicated
14、 by Kanban or other indicators)results in excess inventory2)数量超出需求(通过看板或其他指示器来显示)造成超量库存 Because EOQ,the overproduction qty wait for selling in the future.因为经济批量,生产过剩的数量等待在将来出售Can it be sold in the future可在将来出售This is the needed right qty.这是需要的正确数量续下MUDA of OverproductionMUDA of Overproductiontherefo
15、re,the NPS production concept is Just-In-Time.JIT refers to only at the right time to produce right quality for the right type因此,NPS生产观念是即时生产。JIT指只在正确的时间提供正确数量的正确品种的产品This enhances efficiency and enables quick response to market change.这样提高了效率和能够快速响应市场的变化续下MUDA of OverproductionMUDA of Overproductio
16、nAmong the different kinds of MUDA,MUDA of overproduction is the most serious.在不同种类的浪费中,过量生产的浪费是最严重的This MUDA often results in:这种浪费常常引起:1)MUDA of waiting and MUDA of motion 等待和动作的浪费等待和动作的浪费2)MUDA of processing and MUDA of transportation 加工和运输的浪费加工和运输的浪费3)MUDA of earlier using materials and man cost
17、提前使用材料和人工成本的浪费提前使用材料和人工成本的浪费.4)Increasing WIP and then extend the production Throughput Time 在制品的增加和延长产品生产周期在制品的增加和延长产品生产周期.5)Increasing space requirement for WIP and then enlarge the transportation distance between work station 使使WIPWIP空间需求增加和扩大两个工序间的运输距离空间需求增加和扩大两个工序间的运输距离6)Difficulty for First-In
18、-First-Out product flow 先进先出产品流动困难先进先出产品流动困难MUDA of OverproductionMUDA of OverproductionMUDA of Waiting/MonitoringMUDA of Waiting/MonitoringThis refers to a situation where a worker who has been working according to a standardized work sequence finds himself unable to proceed to the next job.这指的是一个工
19、人按照一个标准化工作顺序发现自己无法继续进行下一步工作的情况。续下Traditional wrong concept:Machine waiting is no good传统的错误观念:机器等待是不好的NPS new concept:Another kind of waiting MUDANPS新观念:等待是另一种浪费 Operator monitor machine running 操作者监控机器运转 Muda of watching 浪费的观察MUDA of Waiting/MUDA of Waiting/MornitoringMornitoringMUDA of Rejects/Rewo
20、rksMUDA of Rejects/ReworksoThis refers to the MUDA of producing defective items which must be repaired or disposed.This MUDA cause loss of man,machine and materials.o这指的是产品有缺陷必须进行修理这指的是产品有缺陷必须进行修理或丢弃所产生的浪费。这种浪费导或丢弃所产生的浪费。这种浪费导致人工,机器和材料的损失。致人工,机器和材料的损失。续下MUDA of TransportationMUDA of TransportationoT
21、ransportation itself is basically MUDA since it doesnt add any value to the product:the more Transportation per unit,the more the final product cost.This term refers to any Transportation above the minimum necessary to keep“just-in-time”production smoothly-such as temporary unloading,load transfer,r
22、emoval of small quantities,and movement from one spot to another.o运输本身是一种浪费,它不能给产品增加任何价值:每个个体的运输越多,最终产品成本越大。这术语起源于运输超出最小必要以保持“即时生产”生产平稳-比如暂时卸货,负荷转移,小量的移动和从一处搬至另一处。续下oTo use conveyor to eliminate manpower for Transportation is not a Kaizen,because Transportation is still exist.It cause another kind o
23、f MUDA-”MUDA of Capital”o利用机械来减少运输的人力资源不是一种改善,因为运输还是存在。它导致另一种浪费-“资金的浪费”othe best way is to eliminate Transportationo根本办法是减少运输MUDA of TransportationMUDA of TransportationMUDA of MotionMUDA of MotionoMUDA of Motion is any human movement in production that adds no value to the product.o动作的浪费是人在生产中移动却没有
24、给产品增加价值.MUDA of ProcessingMUDA of ProcessingoAny work or processing that does not add value to product and advance the production process,or contribute to the precision or quality of the processed units is referred to as MUDA of processingo一些没有给产品增加价值的工作或加工和产品预加工,或预留给工序精度或质量的余量就是所谈到的加工浪费Man Efficien
25、cyMan EfficiencyoApparent Efficiency:o表面效率oApparent Efficiency refers to increasing product output with no change in the number of operators.its only a simple numerical increase untied to production need as based on sales and market demand.o表面效率指增加产品的输出而不改变操作者的数量。它仅仅是一个简单的数值增加解决产品需求,它基于销售和市场需求时.续下Ma
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