上海名校高中自主招生英语阅读理解专练（培优）（共5讲）含答案.docx

1、上海名校高中自主招生英语词汇（培优）5讲第01讲：名校高中自主招生完形填空题 v考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接 一、利用文章首句信息解题【例1】Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is: Is economic globalization 50 for all? (2013年上海英语高考)5

2、0. A. possibleB. smoothC. good D. easy【答案】C【解析】根据文章首句解题。本题是整篇完型的首句，强调开放市场的好处，后文中的“The question”表转折，突出经济全球化是否并无弊端，因此选C选项。【例2】Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgot

3、ten.(2011年上海高考英语)50. A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all【答案】B【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是文章开头句，根据句意，做生意看似简单，但事实上并没有想象中的简单，所以选B选项。【例3】Most people believe they dont have much imagination. They are 50 . Everyone has imagination. (2009年上海高考英语)50. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D. real

4、istic【答案】A【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是整篇完型的开头句，空格的前后表示对于想象力的相反的观点，因此选择A选项。二、利用逻辑关系解题【例1】Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57 the gap between the rich and poor. (2013年上海高考英语)57. A. finding B. exploring C. bridging D. widening【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。完型前文提到经济全球化的利处，本句笔锋一转，表

5、明经济全球化也有弊端，那就是能增大贫富差距，选择D选项，考生容易对于gap一词的不熟悉做出误判。【例2】In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 56 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. (2012年上海高考英语)56. A. At first B. Above all

6、 C. In addition D. For example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。本题空格的前文是观点句，后文则是以具体的研究来证明观点，根据两者间的逻辑关系，属于观点与举例，因此选择D选项。【例3】A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58_ never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in potential profits. (2011年上海高考英语)58. A. as a r

7、esult B. on the whole C. in conclusionD. on the contrary【答案】A【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文表明顾客收到劣质产品，后文则说不再购买公司产品，两者是逻辑关系中的因果关系，选填表示因果关系的as a result。【例4】What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reorde

8、ring, 51 revising. (2010年上海高考英语)51. A. in particular B. as a result C. for example D. in other words【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。前文提到百老汇演出所经历的步骤，涉及添加、删除、替换和重新排序。这些步骤和后文的revise所表述的意思是一致的，选D选项。【例5】Think about your goal and the new possibilities. If your goal is to learn to ski, 60 , you can now practice skiing e

9、very day of your life (because you have the time and the money).(2009年上海高考英语)60. A. in fact B. in particular C. as a whole D. for example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文是观点句，后文则举了滑雪的例子具体来说明确定目标的新的可能性的观点，选填D选项。三、利用词汇复现解题【例1】The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually maile

10、d it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 59 _ the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive. (2012年上海高考英语)59. A. send in B. throw away C. fill out D. turn down【答案】A【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据上文提到的“mail”一词，空格处填相近含义的“send in”，因此选择A选项。【例2】The logic behind cultivating custo

11、mer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to keeping them”. (2011年上海高考英语)60. A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest【答案】B【解析】根据词汇复现解题。空格后文提到大多数公司花尽很大努力开发客户，而很少关注留住客户，其中的“keeping them”需要特别关注，空格处因此填写表忠诚度的“

12、loyalty”。【例3】When you revise, you change aspects of your work in response to your evolving purpose, or to include 55 ideas or newly discovered information. (2010年上海高考英语)55. A. fixed B. ambitious C. familiar D. fresh【答案】D【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据后文的“newly discovered”，选填同一含义的“fresh”作为正确选项。【例4】Do I ever lose sig

13、ht of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the 63 that is, facts, opinions. (2010年上海高考英语)63. A. angles B. evidence C. information D. hints【答案】C【解析】根据词汇复现解题。后文的“facts，opinions”统一都是“information”，因此选择C选项。四、利用对比信息解题【例1】Small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only i

14、n 56_ open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet. (2013年上海高考英语)56. A. mature B. newC. localD. foreign【答案】C【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提到“promote their goods worldwide”，则前文应是相对应的“local open-air markets”，选择C选项。【例2】When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when s

15、uperstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out. (2013年上海高考英语)62. A. keep upB. come inC. go aroundD. help out【答案】A【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文是“be crowded out”，空格处相对地填写表示反义的“keep up”，选择A选项。【例3】The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a ve

16、ry 58 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. (2012年上海高考英语)58. A. talented B. good-looking C. helpful D. hard-working【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。空格后文的信息和前文很明显是对比关系，后文是“less attractive”，则前文选填表示相貌好的“good-looking”。【例4】Making connections: This technique involves taking 54 ideas and trying to find l

17、inks between them. (2009年上海高考英语)54. A. familiar B. unrelated C. creative D. imaginary【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提到“links between them”，则前面填写相反的表述“unrelated”，答案是B选项。五、利用语义理解解题【例1】A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few develop

18、ing countries have actually 58 from integration into the world economy. (2013年上海高考英语)58. A. suffered B. profitedC. learnedD. withdrawn【答案】B【解析】根据语义理解解题。本题所在的段落谈论经济全球化的弊端，因此此处的语义表达应为真正从经济全球化受益的发展中国家很少，选择B选项。【例2】_53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amount

19、s of money annually. (2011年上海高考英语)53. A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing【答案】D【解析】根据语义理解解题。后文提到每年消耗了公司大量的金钱，显然之前提到的事情是不好的，选择“Failing”。【例3】However, dont make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 58 . (2010年上海高考英语)58. A. drafting B. rearranging C. performing D. training【答案】A【

20、解析】根据语义理解解题。根据语义，显然修改是在打草稿之后发生的，选择A选项。 Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control peoples self-interes

21、t in the service of the common good. The _21_ of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives (激励) can also _22_, minifying the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood

22、 _23_ the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of scientific evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives-showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right in so many cases that businesses should _24_.Experimental eco

23、nomists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity _25_ the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposi

24、te result when they destroy what Adam Smith called the moral sentiments(情绪)”. The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff- we are also trying to be a certain kind of pers

25、on. _26_ , people desire to be respected by others as ethical and _27_. And they dont want to be taken for losers. Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being _28_ than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into troubl

26、e when they signal that the employer _29_ the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with _30_ for performance is textbook economics, but it can lead to the depression of employees.Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether were being self-interes

27、ted or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted and they can imply-sometimes wrongly-what _31_ us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they _32_ or diminish our ethical se

28、nsibilities.This does not mean its _33_ to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time-just that efforts to do so often fail. _34_ , policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plasti

29、c grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders _35_ while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.21. A. temptationB. t

30、hreatC. valueD. equivalent22. A. overflowB. backfireC. surviveD. work23. A. reducedB. affectedC. affordedD. balanced24. A. cut backB. stand byC. take noteD. hold on25. A. causeB. reverseC. takeD. detect26. A. In other wordsB. On the contraryC. By contrastD. In addition27. A. satisfiedB. determinedC.

31、 dignifiedD. discouraged28. A. unselfishB. ambitiousC. thoughtfulD. aggressive29. A. boastsB. valuesC. encouragesD. mistrusts30. A. requirementB. criticismC. implicationD. reward31. A. supportsB. threatensC. motivatesD. changes32. A. refineB. offendC. controlD. arouse33. A. impossibleB. strangeC. ne

32、cessaryD. abnormal34. A. RarelyB. OccasionallyC. SurprisinglyD. Ideally35. A. publiclyB. severelyC. monetarilyD. mildly【答案】21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。本文就经济激励产生适得其反结果的现象做了深入探讨。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：交通违章罚款单的威胁可使驾车者保持队列，而关于奖金红利的许

33、诺可以激发高业绩。A.temptation诱惑；B.threat威胁；C.value价值；D.equivalent对等的人；当量。根据上文“Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control peoples self-interest in the service of the common good.”可知，各类组织和团体依靠罚款和奖金来控制人们在公益服务中的自私自利。因此推断交通罚单的威胁可以让司机有秩序。故选B。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是激励也可能产生适得其反的结果减少原本想要鼓励的行为。 A.

34、overflow溢出；B.backfire适得其反；C.survive幸存；D.work工作。根据下文“minifying the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.”可知，激励减少了原本要鼓励的行为，因此产生了适得其反的结果。故选B。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：约2030年之前，理查德蒂特马斯(Richard Titmuss)声称，付钱让人们献血会减少血液供应。A.reduced减少；B.affected影响；C.afforded给予；提供；D.balanced保持稳定。根据上文“But incentives (激励) can also

35、 _, minifying the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.”可知，激励可以产生适得其反的结果，减少原本要激励的行为，因此推断付钱让人们献血会减少供应。故选A。【24题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：但自那以后，新的数据和模型促使经济学家对激励的看法发生了翻天覆地的变化这表明，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确的，企业应该注意到这一点。A.cut back削减；B.stand by支持；袖手旁观；C.take note注意到；记笔记；D.hold on等一下；继续。根据上文“Titmuss was right in so many cases”可

36、推断，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确，因此企业应该注意。故选C。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。 句意：实验经济学家发现，给捐血女性提供报酬使愿意捐血的人数减少了将近一半，而让她们将捐血所得贡献给福利事业扭转了这个局面。A.cause导致；B.reverse撤销；颠倒；C.take拿；取；D.detect发现；觉察。根据第一段的“But incentives (激励) can also _2_, minifying the very behavior theyre meant to encourage.”可推断，激励会产生适得其反的结果，因此推断给捐血的女性报酬没有更多的人献血，但是让她们把捐血

37、所得给福利事业就扭转了局面。故选B。【26题详解】考查固定短语辨析。 句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。 A.In other words换句话说；B.On the contrary恰恰相反；C.By contrast相比之下；D.In addition此外。根据上文“Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam

38、 Smith called the moral sentiments(情绪)”.”可知，大量近期的实验表明，当激励损害了亚当斯密所说的“道德情操”时，以经济激励奖赏私利可能产生适得其反的结果。因此推断，相反的，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和美好情操的人。故选B。【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。 A.satisfied满意的；B.determined意志坚定的；C.dignified有尊严的；D.discouraged灰心的。根据上文“people desire to be respected by

39、 others”可知，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。故选C。【28题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：奖励献血可能达不到预期的目的，是因为它暗含“捐血者对无私奉献的兴趣少于对挣钱的热衷”之意。 A.unselfish无私的；慷慨的；B.ambitious雄心勃勃的；C.thoughtful体贴的；D.aggressive咄咄逼人的。根据上文“letting them contribute the payment to charity”可知，此处说的是无私奉献与挣钱进行对比。故选A。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当激励暗示雇主夸耀雇员或贪婪时，激励也会遇到麻

40、烦。A.boasts自吹自擂；夸耀；B.values重视；C.encourages鼓励；D.mistrusts不信任。由下文的“greedy”可推断，此处表示雇主过分夸耀雇工，激励也会遇到麻烦，故选A。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：密切监督员工并对其表现进行奖励是典型的经济学，但这可能会导致员工的抑郁。 A.requirement要求；B.criticism批评；C.implication暗示；D.reward奖赏。根据下文“for performance is textbook economics”和常识可知，员工会因为好的表现被给予奖励。故选D。【31题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意

41、：或许最为重要的是，激励影响我们的行为所传达的信息：我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任，而且激励可以暗示有时错误地暗示我们的动机是什么。 A.supports支持；B.threatens威胁；C.motivates激励；D.change改变。由破折号后对前文“whether were being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted （我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任）”解释说明可知，此处说的是是什么激励了我们。故选C。【32题详解】考查动词词义辨析。 句意：通过传达社会的不赞同来启发我们的道德情操

42、的罚款或者公开批评（如乱丢垃圾)颇具成效。可是一旦触犯或者削弱了我们的道德感情，激励就会出问题。A.refine改善；B.offend冒犯；C.control控制；D.arouse引起。由But可推断，上下文是转折关系，根据上文“Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective.”可推断，触犯或者削弱道德情感会让激励出问题。故选B。【33题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。 句

43、意：这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的只是这样的努力往往以失败告终。 A.impossible不可能的；B.strange奇怪的；C.necessary必要的；D.abnormal不正常的。根据下文“policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness.( 政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标)”可知，这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的。

44、故选A。【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。 句意：理想的状况下，政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标。A.Rarely很少；B.Occasionally偶尔；C.Surprisingly出人意料地；D.Ideally理想地。根据常识可知，既治理了自私又鼓励了公共道德是理想的。故选D。【35题详解】考查副词词义辨析。 句意：它在从金钱上惩罚违规者的同时，也传达了一种道德信息。 A.publicly公然地；B.severely严重地； C.monetarily财政地；从金钱上； D.mildly温和地。根据上文“The small tax on plastic gr

45、ocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect.（2002年爱尔兰通过的向塑料杂货袋征收小额税款（的法案)取得了实际上消除塑料袋的结果，这似乎就起到了这样的效果。）”可知，从金钱上惩罚了冒犯者。故选C。 1.Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C

46、 and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Should you listen to music when you work?Do you like to listen to music when you work?Ask this question at a party, and youll probably get 31 responses. Some will say they love it, claiming that it improves their performance; others will say they find it distracting (分散注意力的) and cannot work 32 with music playing in the background.Interestingly enough, our research has found that both of these viewpoints can be true. It jus