脊柱肿瘤的影像学诊断课件.ppt
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1、1脊柱大体解剖脊柱检查技术脊柱影像解剖脊柱良性肿瘤和肿瘤样病变脊柱恶性肿瘤2大体解剖3颈段:7个颈椎胸段:12个胸椎腰段:5个腰椎骶段:5个骶椎尾段:4个尾骨椎间盘、椎间关节、椎旁韧带等 胸段4椎骨:椎体、椎弓和7个骨性突起组成椎弓:椎板、椎弓根,相邻椎弓根间构成椎间孔椎管:各椎骨的椎孔共同连成颈椎环椎:前后弓及两侧块枢椎:齿状突、椎体及棘突第3至第7椎体:逐渐增大,椎孔三角形,椎间关节面近呈水平位,钩椎关节(Luscka 关节)胸椎:逐渐增大,椎孔心形,关节突关节面呈冠状位腰椎:椎体逐渐增大,椎孔呈三角形,关节突关节面呈矢状位骶骨:骶骨倒立扁三角形,5个骶椎融合而成尾骨: 4个尾椎融合而成
2、5 椎体间连接前纵韧带、后纵韧带、椎间盘椎板及附件间连接黄韧带、棘间韧带、棘上韧带、项韧带横突间韧带、关节突关节环枢关节、环椎横韧带6789101112131415Examination Methods16常规X线 :最主要和首选的检查方法 CT:解决临床和X线诊断疑难的第二步检查方法 MRI :示X线甚至CT不能显示和显示不佳的某些组织结构 核素扫描 :一种全身骨骼检查,但缺乏特异性 17Radiologic Anatomy18 19202122T重建重建23L24C25Benign Spinal Tumor and Tumorlike Lesion26骨血管瘤骨软骨瘤骨巨细胞瘤骨样骨瘤骨母
3、细胞瘤动脉瘤样骨囊肿骨嗜酸性肉芽肿内生骨疣其它:软骨黏液样纤维瘤、纤维骨瘤、血管外皮细胞瘤和血管内皮细胞瘤等27Hemangioma28临床病理 最常见的脊柱原发良性肿瘤低血压慢血流血管组成,掺杂于骨小梁和脂肪间,易出血病理上分毛细血管型和海绵状血管型多胸椎椎体,多单椎体病变 任何年龄均可发生,一般无症状,多女性对放射线有相当的敏感性 29影像表现X线一为受累骨体积扩张,骨小梁广泛的吸收、增生和增厚,椎体呈栅栏状特征性表现一为受累骨质有肥皂泡沫样的破坏和扩张30影像表现 CT椎体部分或全部松质骨密度减低病变区骨小梁减少,变粗致密冠状面或矢状面重建显示栅栏状表现增强扫描,病变常不强化或轻度强化
4、MRIT1WI和T2WI上均呈高信号增强扫描,中度至明显强化313233Fig. A thickened trabeculae (corduroy sign) of a vertebral body hemangioma can be seen on this lateral view, which is coned down to the L2 vertebral bodyFig. B T1WI and Fig. C T2WI show the typical increased signal intensity of a vertebral bodyABC34Osteochondroma3
5、5 临床病理由骨质组成的基底和瘤体、透明软骨组成的帽盖和纤维组成的包膜三种不同组织构成,又称外生骨疣发生于脊椎少见,发生于脊柱单发1.31.4%,多发者9%约50%于颈椎,其次胸椎及腰椎;常见于附件儿童期生长缓慢,青春期迅速近1病人的骨软骨瘤发生恶变多儿童和青年男性,一般无症状治疗应彻底手术切除36影像表现X线仅21%的起于棘突的较大病变被明确诊断小病变和突入椎管内的肿瘤很难诊断15%显示正常 37影像表现CT附件骨性肿块,皮质与椎板皮质相连可伴脊髓受压 MRI病灶中心T1WI呈高信号,T2WI呈中等信号边缘皮质均呈低信号软骨帽常既薄又小,T1WI呈低至中等信号,T2WI呈高信号成人如软骨帽明
6、显增厚(大于1-2cm)则应怀疑恶变3838, yr, M of CHereditary multiple exostosis with several spinal osteochondromasFigA: Lateral radiograph of the cervical spine shows a C-4 spinous process osteochondroma with pathognomonic marrow and cortical continuity solid arrow). Osteochondroma at C-1 is seen as an ossified re
7、gion (open rrow)Axial FigB and sagittal FigC reconstructed CT scans reveal cortex and marrow of the osteochondroma (arrows), impingement on the spinal canal, extrinsic erosion of C-2 (arrowheads in b), and continuity with the C-1 spinous process (* in c). 39Sagittal T1-weighted FigDand T2* gradient-
8、echo FigEMR images reveal the signal intensity characteristic of yellow marrow within the osteochondroma and the impression of the tumor on the spinal canal (arrows), although the marrow and cortical continuity is not well seen. 40FigF: Photograph of the gross specimen shows the marrow and cortex of
9、 the osteochondroma and a small cartilage cap at its periphery (arrowheads).4135yr,F Osteochondroma of sacrummalignant transformationFigAVague sclerosis (solid arrows) over the left sacrum and widening of the sacroiliac joint (open arrow).FigA42FigCAxial CT scan shows the thick cartilage cap (arrows
10、) and sacroiliac joint invasion, which represents malignant transformation.FigB Coronal reconstructed CT scan shows the cortex and marrow canal of the osteochondroma (arrows) and continuity with the sacrum (arrowheads).Fig BFigC43multiple hereditary exostoses. Note that the large sacral lesion has n
11、ormal cortex as well as marrow arising from the underlying bone. This appearance defines an exostosis. We look for a thick cartilage cap to suggest degeneration of an exostosis to a chondrosarcoma. In this case, there is no space for a thick cap because the edge of the exostosis extends to the subcu
12、taneous tissue. If there is any question, MR imaging can demonstrate the cartilage thickness. In this case, we recognized multiple exostoses because of the presence of sessile lesions at the anterior superior iliac spines.10, yr, M Multiple hereditary exostoses44Giant Cell Tumor, GCT45临床病理由软而脆且易出血的肉
13、芽样组织所构成,无纤维包膜,可出血和坏死组织学分三级:级为良性,级为过渡类型,级为恶性患者多女性,发病年龄多20-40岁约1/3发生于脊柱,最常累及骶骨,其次为胸椎、颈椎和腰椎;多见于附件绝大多数为良性,约25%为恶性临床症状主要为局部疼痛、无力和感觉异常治疗多全切治疗,若仅刮除术会出现40-60%复发46影像表现X线典型呈膨胀性偏心性多房性骨质破坏,骨壳较薄,轮廓一般完整,内见纤细骨嵴构成分房状几点提示恶性 a,较明显的侵袭性表现 b,骨膜增生显著 c,软组织肿块较大,患者年龄较大,疼痛持续加重,肿瘤突然生长迅速47影像表现CT椎体局限性膨胀性溶骨性破坏,皮质连续若为侵袭性可侵犯数个椎体椎弓
14、椎间盘,皮质破坏,软组织肿块形成发生于骶骨时,一般位于骶髂关节附近,皮质可中断增强扫描低密度区散在强化MRIT1WI上呈低、中等信号;T2WI上呈不均匀中等信号。可见局部出血信号增强后明显强化核素扫描显示肿瘤呈弥漫性的浓聚48Fig A and Fig B a large expansile lesion of the T-4 vertebral body (arrows), with extension into the posterior elements of T-3 and T-4 and the posterior soft tissues (arrowheads). The les
15、ion enhances markedly with the contrast agent. FigC the lesion has only intermediate signal intensity, 28,yr,FGCT of T-3 and T-4Sag.T1WIAxi.T1WI +cSag.T2WI49Intraoperative photograph obtained after incision of the skin shows a bulging, solid paraspinal mass (*)FigD50sacral GCT.A-PLateraLFig AFig b51
16、Axial CTSag.T2WI soft-tissue extension.Cor.T2WIFig CFig DFig EFig F52GCT of S4-521 yr ,FA-PLateraLAB53FigC:CTshowing large mass of SFigD: demonstrating an inhomogeneous mass that contains several areas of low signal intensity (arrows; contrast this signal to the very high signal intensity FigE: reve
17、aling that the lesion is of low signal intensity; the large presacral mass displacing the rectum is confirmed. FigF:revealing only mild enhancement, again with several areas of relatively low signal intensity. These low-signal regions represent a common feature in GCTsAxial CTSag. T1WIAxi. FSE T2WIS
18、ag. FS T1WI +C54Upper Left: Anteroposterior radiograph emonstrating the expanded lytic lesion ccupying the sacrum. Upper Right and Center Left: Axial CT scans obtained several months later, demonstrating the rather featureless lytic lesion occupying the entire sacrum, with attempted thin cortical ri
19、m unable to contain the expansive lesion. Center Right: Sagittal T1-weighted MR image (TR/TE 450/10 msec) demonstrating intensity presacral soft-tissue extensionLower Left and Right: Sagittal T2WI and axial FSE T2WI revealing the inhomogeneous mixed high and low signal intensity mass, typical of GCT
20、.26, yr, F GCT of the sacrum.55GCT of C-7 posterior elements16 y male5657Osteoid Osteoma58 临床病理由成骨性纤维组织及骨样组织、编织骨构成,肿瘤本身为瘤巢直径约1.5cm,很少超过2厘米,周围由增生致密的反应性骨质包绕 10%发生于脊柱,多腰椎,最常起于椎弓,其次椎板,小关节面和椎弓根单发性,肿瘤发展极慢 多为青少年和成年人,多男性,多小于30岁患骨疼痛,夜间加重,服用水杨酸类药物可缓解为其特点。患者因肌肉痉挛而引起侧弯治疗以用手术切除最为适宜,预后良好59影像表现X线 肿瘤所在部位骨质破坏 周围不同程度
21、的反应性骨硬化 偶见内钙化/骨化 分皮质型、松质型、骨膜下型60影像表现CT类圆形的低密度骨破坏区,中央见不规则的钙化骨化影周围不同程度的反应性骨硬化环MRI 肿瘤未钙化部分T1WI呈低至中等信号,T2WI呈高信号 钙化及周围硬化带均呈低信号 增强后,病变强化明显。核素扫描肿瘤显示明显核素浓聚61FigA: Radiograph reveals a subtle lucent area (arrow) in a right articular mass.FigB: CT scan shows the nidus (large arrowheads) with a small central a
22、rea of calcification (small arrowhead) and minimal surrounding sclerosis. FigC: Radiograph of the resected specimen shows that the nidus was entirely removed (arrows).FigD: Posterior bone scan shows intense uptake of the radionuclide by the nidus (arrow) 17, yr, M Osteoid osteoma of lamina at T-11 6
23、2FigE: Photograph of the gross specimen reveals the nidus (*)extending to the facet cartilage (arrows)63Axial CT scan (left) revealing that a tumor arising from the left C-5 pedicle is compressing the left C-5 root.Bone scan (center) displays high uptake of contrast material. Axial CT scan (right) d
24、emonstrating that left hemilaminectomy was sufficient to remove the tumor.16, yr, M Osteoid osteoma of lamina at C-5 64Osteoblastoma65临床病理多量骨母细胞增生形成骨样组织和编织骨为特点。典型病变直径为1.5cm2cm不等肿瘤境界清楚,血管丰富,肿瘤体积较大时出现囊变,合并动脉瘤样骨囊肿时则多数含血囊腔。少数肿瘤可发生恶变约3040%发生于脊柱,颈椎、胸椎和腰椎发病率相近,肿瘤常累及附件男性多于女性,男:女2:1,发病年龄90% 2030岁患骨局部疼痛不适,脊髓和
25、神经压迫症状。水杨酸类药物无缓解和无明显夜间疼痛与骨样骨瘤鉴别。治疗应手术切除,病变复发率为10-15%66影像表现X线三种表现a:中心低密度破坏区,周围骨硬化,病灶直径大于1.5cmb:有多发小钙化的膨胀性破坏,周围伴硬化缘c:为侵袭性表现,骨膨胀破坏,及周围软组织浸润 和混杂性钙化67影像表现CT对肿瘤内钙/骨化影显示高于平片,尤其对复杂部位肿瘤显示较好类圆形膨胀性骨质破坏,周围有不同程度增生硬化破坏区骨壳可中断, 周围软组织可局限性肿胀MRI非钙/骨化部分T1WI呈低至中等信号,T2WI呈高信号, 钙/骨化部分呈低信号病灶周围骨髓和软组织反应性充血水肿,为长T1长T2信号可显示骨壳中断,
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