卫生学01-环境卫生学绪论课件.ppt
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1、1环环 境境 卫卫 生生 学学Environmental Health Science周宏伟周宏伟教授,博导,环境卫生学系主任国家优秀青年基金获得者教育部新世纪优秀人才广东省千百十工程国家级培养对象办公电话:61648327, Email: 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 24南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 一、环境卫生学定义一、环境卫生学定义5定义1n研究自然环境和生活环境与人群健康的关系,研究自然环境和生活环境与人群健康的关系,解释环境因素对人群健康影响的发生、发展规解释环境因素对人群健康影响的发生、发展规律,为充分利用环境有益因素和控制
2、环境有害律,为充分利用环境有益因素和控制环境有害因素提出卫生要求和预防对策,增进人体健康,因素提出卫生要求和预防对策,增进人体健康,提高整体人群健康水平的科学。提高整体人群健康水平的科学。n是预防医学的重要分支学科,也是环境科学不是预防医学的重要分支学科,也是环境科学不可缺少的重要组成部分。可缺少的重要组成部分。陈学敏,杨克敌陈学敏,杨克敌南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 6Definition 2nIn its broadest sense, environmental health is the segment of public health that is co
3、ncerned with assessing, understanding, and controlling the impacts of people on their environment and the impacts of the environment on them.-Moeller D.W. Environmental Health7Wikipedia definitionnEnvironmental health is that branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural
4、and built environment that may affect human health. Other phrases that concern or refer to the discipline of environmental health include environmental public health, and environmental protection. The field of environmental health is closely related to environmental science and public health as envi
5、ronmental health is concerned with environmental factors affecting human health.南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 8nEnvironmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and c
6、ontrol of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, as well
7、 as genetics.:1南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 9nEnvironmental health is defined by the WHO as:2 Those aspects of the human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can po
8、tentially affect health. Environmental health as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, includes both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on health and well being of the broad physical, psychological, social and cu
9、ltural environment, which includes housing, urban development, land use and transport. 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 10nEnvironmental health services are defined by the World Health Organization as: those services which implement environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities
10、. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting new policy areas. 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 11Discipli
11、nesnThree basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health: environmental epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science. Each of these disciplines contributes different information to describe problems in environmental health, but there is some overlap among them.南方医科大学公共
12、卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 12Environmental epidemiologynstudies the relationship between environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, etc.) and human health. Observational studies, which simply observe exposures that people have already experienced, are comm
13、on in environmental epidemiology because humans cannot ethically be exposed to agents that are known or suspected to cause disease. While the inability to use experimental study designs is a limitation of environmental epidemiology, this discipline directly observes effects on human health rather th
14、an estimating effects from animal studies.南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 13Toxicologynstudies how environmental exposures lead to specific health outcomes, generally in animals, as a means to understand possible health outcomes in humans. Toxicology has the advantage of being able to conduct randomize
15、d controlled trials and other experimental studies because they can use animal subjects. However there are many differences in animal and human biology, and there can be a lot of uncertainty when interpreting the results of animal studies for their implications for human health南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生
16、学系 周宏伟 14Exposure sciencenstudies human exposure to environmental contaminants by both identifying and quantifying exposures. Exposure science can be used to support environmental epidemiology by better describing environmental exposures that may lead to a particular health outcome, identify common
17、exposures whose health outcomes may be better understood through a toxicology study, or can be used in a risk assessment to determine whether current levels of exposure might exceed recommended levels. Exposure science has the advantage of being able to very accurately quantify exposures to specific
18、 chemicals, but it does not generate any information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 1516南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 二、通过健康环境预防疾病二、通过健康环境预防疾病:对对疾病的环境负担的估计疾病的环境负担的估计 Preventing disease through healthy environments: Towards an estimate
19、of the environmental burden of disease南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 17Executive summary nThis global assessment provides quantitative estimates of burden of disease from environmental factors across the major categories of reported diseases and injuries.nThe estimates, in effect, reflect how much dea
20、th, illness and disability could realistically be avoided every year as a result of reduced human exposures to environmental hazards.nSpecifically considered here are modifiable environmental factors realistically amenable to change using available technologies, policies, and preventive and public h
21、ealth measures.18南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 HOW SIGNIFICANT IS THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT ON HEALTH?An estimated 24% of the global disease burden and 23% of all deaths can be attributed to environmental factors.南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 19n在在2004 2004 年世界卫生报告年世界卫生报告所涉所涉102 102 类主要疾病、类主要疾病、疾病组别和残
22、疾中,环境风险因素在其中疾病组别和残疾中,环境风险因素在其中85 85 类中类中导致疾病负担。在不同疾病状况中,可具体归因导致疾病负担。在不同疾病状况中,可具体归因于环境的疾病比例差别很大。于环境的疾病比例差别很大。n在全球范围,估计在全球范围,估计24%24%的疾病负担的疾病负担( (健康寿命年损健康寿命年损失失) )和和23%23%的所有死亡的所有死亡( (早逝早逝) )可归因于环境因素。可归因于环境因素。n在在0-14 0-14 岁的儿童中,可归因于环境的死亡比例高岁的儿童中,可归因于环境的死亡比例高达达36%36%。南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 20n虽然在
23、疾病总负担中,这已经是一个很大的比例,虽然在疾病总负担中,这已经是一个很大的比例,但估计仍然偏于保守,因为对许多疾病,还有待但估计仍然偏于保守,因为对许多疾病,还有待搜集这方面的证据。同时,在许多情况下,环境搜集这方面的证据。同时,在许多情况下,环境危害与疾病结果之间的因果关系很复杂。危害与疾病结果之间的因果关系很复杂。n但在其它情况下,尽管健康影响非常明显,疾病但在其它情况下,尽管健康影响非常明显,疾病负担也难以量化。例如,与整个生态系统的变化、负担也难以量化。例如,与整个生态系统的变化、破坏或耗竭有关的疾病负担就很难量化。破坏或耗竭有关的疾病负担就很难量化。 南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学
24、学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 21环境因素产生最大影响的疾病环境因素产生最大影响的疾病南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 22最大绝对负担可归因于可改变的环境因素的最大绝对负担可归因于可改变的环境因素的疾病包括:疾病包括:腹泻、下呼吸道感染、腹泻、下呼吸道感染、“其它其它”意外意外伤害和疟疾。伤害和疟疾。n估计估计94%94%的腹泻疾病负担是由环境造成的,并的腹泻疾病负担是由环境造成的,并与不安全饮用水以及环境卫生和个人卫生不良与不安全饮用水以及环境卫生和个人卫生不良有关。有关。n下呼吸道感染与室内空气污染有关,主要涉及下呼吸道感染与室内空气污染有关,主要涉及家庭固体燃料使
25、用并可能涉及二手烟草烟雾,家庭固体燃料使用并可能涉及二手烟草烟雾,以及室外空气污染。在发达国家,估计以及室外空气污染。在发达国家,估计20%20%的的此类感染可归因于环境原因,发展中国家的相此类感染可归因于环境原因,发展中国家的相应数字则上升到应数字则上升到42%42%。南方医科大学公共卫生与热带医学学院 环境卫生学系 周宏伟 23n42%42%的疟疾是由可改变的环境因素造成的,这与的疟疾是由可改变的环境因素造成的,这与土地使用、毁林、水资源管理、住区选址和修改土地使用、毁林、水资源管理、住区选址和修改后的住房设计后的住房设计( (例如改进排水系统例如改进排水系统) )方面的政策和方面的政策和
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