外教英语启蒙运动the-enlightenmen课件.ppt

1、The EnlightenmentWhat Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th century that led to a whole new world view.According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use y

2、our own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784) Immanuel KantThe Scientific RevolutionThe Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific RevolutionThe equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships Enlightenment Principles Religion, trad

3、ition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkersThe SalonsEnlightenment and GovernmentEnlightenment ThinkersHe wrote Two Treatises of

4、 Government in 1690. He believed the purpose of government was to protect peoples natural rights. He said government should protect,” his life, liberty, and propertyagainst the injuries and attempts of other men.”His idea: The true basis of government was a social contract between people and their g

5、overnment. If the government didnt respect peoples rights, it could be overthrown.In exchange protection, people gave government the power to rule on their behalf. We call this idea the “consent of the governed.”the idea that government could be overthrown if it failed to respect peoples rights had

6、wide influence and was ultimately echoed in the American Declaration of Independence.Locke was in favor of constitutional monarchies. This meant laws or a constitution limited the power of the monarchs (or kings).In 1689, the English set down a new set of rules called the English Bill of Rights. Thi

7、s strengthened the power of the people and their representatives in Parliament (an English congress.)He said: “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, there can be no liberty.”Lasting Impact: He greatly influenced the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution. We now have

8、a separate legislative (Congress), judicial (courts), and executive (President) branch.“For a punishment to be just it, should consist of only such gradations of intensity as to suffice to deter men from committing crimes.” This means that “punishment should fit the crime” and not be more than neces

9、sary to stop someone else from doing it again.Ren Descartes (15961650) French philosopher and mathematician Questioned the basis of his own knowledge “Cogito ergo sum”Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method The scientific method Observation and experimentation Testable hypothesisSir Francis BaconIsa

10、ac Newton and the Scientific Method Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries Newtons achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkersSir Isaac NewtonThe Marquis de Condorcet French mathematicianSketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Huma

11、n SpiritCondorcet (continued) Universal education Progress and “perfectibility”The French Salon and the PhilosophesMadame de Pompadour Madame de Pompadour Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salonsVoltaire (

12、16941778) Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order Championed social, political, and religious toleranceThe Encyclopdie Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765Frontspiece to the Encyclop

13、dieThe Encyclopdie (continued) Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond dAlembert Banned by the Catholic ChurchEncyclopdie editor Denis DiderotDeism Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the churchLord Edward Herbert

14、of Cherbury, founder of deismDeism (continued) The “great watchmaker” Thomas PaineThomas PaineJean-Jacques Rousseau(17121778) Philosophized on the nature of society and government The Social ContractWomen and the Enlightenment Changing views Role of education EqualityMary WollstonecraftOlympe de Gou

15、gesWollstonecraft (continued) Education Womens rights movementTitle page of Wollstonecrafts Thoughts on the Education of DaughtersOlympe De Gouges Criticized the French Revolution The Rights of Women “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” Executed in 1793“Enlightened Monarchs” M

16、ost of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France Frederick the Great (ruled 1740

17、1786) Prussian ruler Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Induced Voltaire to come to PrussiaFrederick the Great (continued) Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.” Catherine the Great(ruled 17621796) Russian ruler Well-versed in Enli

18、ghtenment works “Westernizing” RussiaCatherine the Great(continued) Domestic reforms Peasant revoltMaria Theresa (ruled 17401780) Austrian ruler Government reforms The serfs SonJoseph IIJoseph II (ruled 17651790) Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Josephs reforms Religious toleration Contr

19、ol over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdomGustav III (ruled 17711792) Swedish ruler Read French Enlightenment works Reforms AbsolutismNapoleon I French ruler Military career Rise to powerNapoleon I (continued) Reforms Education LawThe Enlightenment and the American Revolution Influence of Lock

20、e, Montesquieu The Declaration of IndependenceThomas JeffersonThe Enlightenment and the American RevolutionThe U.S. Constitution Separation of powers Checks and balancesPainting depicting the Constitutional ConventionThe Enlightenment and the French Revolution The American Revolution The Estates GeneralThe Marquis de LafayetteThe Enlightenment and the French RevolutionThe Declaration of theRights of Man Adopted by National Assembly in 1789“Libert, Egalit, Fraternit”The Legacy of the Enlightenment Government Society EducationThe signing of the U.S. Constitution