大连海事大学船舶安全管理教案2steeringa课件.ppt

1、2PartBsteeringandsailingrulesConductofvesselsinanyconditionofvisibility(Rule4Rule10)2.1 application The rules of the section apply in both clear and restricted visibility2.2 Look out(rule 5)nMeaning of look out: an appreciation of what is taking placeIncludes: visual look out, use of ears, intellige

2、nt interpretation of data received, by way of various instumentsnImportance of look out: in order to avoid any dangers2.2 Look out(rule 5)nApplication of the rules:All time, day and night, underway or at anchor, clear or restricted visibility, ocean or narrow channel, every vesselnThe person on look

3、out- a competent seaman-number of look out2.2 Look out(rule 5)-The place of look out- properly stationed-The duty of the look out: STCW annex1, standards regarding to watch keeping2.2 Look out(rule 5)nAll available means appropriate: effective use of available instruments.Sight, hearing, radar, bino

4、culars, information received by VHF2.2 Look out(rule 5)nUse of radar- approaching poor visibility area-in coast waters-for assessing visibility-keep radar set in good order2.2 Look out(rule 5)nFull appraisal of the situation-keeping a check on the steering and the equipment nAnchor watchnA proper lo

5、ok-out: look out person, in a proper station, all available means ,proper way2.2 Look out(rule 5)nPurpose of look out:To make a full appraisal of the situation and the risk of collision2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so she can take proper and effective

6、action to avoid collision and stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)nThe meaning of “safe speed”Background: “moderate speed”(formerly used for restricted visibility)Safe speed refers to a speed at which the vessel can take proper a

7、nd effective action to avoid collision and stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)nProper and effective: not too high not too low(steerage way)nStopped within a distance appropriate to: enable a vessel to be stopped within half the r

8、ange of visibility; one sixth the range of target echo on radar2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)Application: nEvery vessel(include the vessel constrained by their draft, or restricted in their ability to maneuver)nAt all times2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)Factors to be taken into accountnBy all vessels- the state of v

9、isibility-the traffic density-the maneuverability -the presence of background light- the state of wind, sea and current-the draft in relation to the available depth of water2.3 Safe speed(rule 6)nBy vessels with radar- characteristics, efficiency, limitation:blind arcs-range scales:discrimination,ea

10、rly detection-interference:rain,wave,snow-small craft and ice:not detected in time-number, location and movement detected: the more the difficult to make decision- assessment of visibility:necessary2.4 Risk of collision1 What is Risk of collision?-UK: two vessel will be at the same place or near the

11、 same place if the keep the course and speed, then it will be deemed as the risk of collision exists-DCPA, TCPA, often be used by seafarersRisk of collisionnHow far apart the risk of collision be considered exist?Risk jof collisiionDanger of collisionLong rangeSo as to involve risk of collisionRisk

12、of collision existsA close quarters situation is developingResult in a close quarters situationImmediate dangerCollision2 means and method be used in determing the risk of collision(1) Requirements by the rulesnTo use all available means appropriatenThe use of radar and associate equipmentnThe radio

13、 telephone maybe used nVHF radio communication2 means and method be used in determing the risk of collision(2) Means appropriatenCompass bearing (risk of collision shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel not appreciably changing )nRelative bearing (affected by change

14、 of bearing)nRadar plotting2 means and method be used in determing the risk of collision(3) Notes:-the bearing which subtends from the other will remain almost constant at long range and change rapidly at short range-an appreciable change of bearing at greater ranges does not necessarily mean the th

15、ere is no risk of collision.the other may be making a series of small alterations which have not been observed . 2 means and method be used in determing the risk of collisionnThe approaching vessel is making a series of small alterations2 means and method be used in determing the risk of collision-

16、approaching a VLCC or to a towing vessels with tow3 caution nIn doubt: the risk of collision shall be deems to existsnDont make assumptions on scanty information-the determination must be based on several successive observation taken as accurately as possible-small error in range and bearing have as

17、 appreciable effect on the assessment of risk of collision-from a small number of observation taken at long range2. 3 caution In doubt: the risk of collision shall be deems to existsDont make assumptions on scanty information-the determination must be based on several successive observation taken as

18、 accurately as possible-small error in range and bearing have as appreciable effect on the assessment of risk of collision-from a small number of observation taken at long range2.5 Action to avoid collision1 in ample timenBe made in ample timenAction: course alteration; alteration of speednIn ample

19、time: early, in good time, in timenPositive: handsomely(without any hesitation, be made decisively)2.5 Action to avoid collision(2) Good seamanshipnAny precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman or by the special circumstances of the casenExample: -holding back at a bend - v

20、essels should not sail with defective equipment - undock at proper time2.5 Action to avoid collision(3) Who should take actions in good time?The give way vessel; in restricted visibility, vessel detects a close quarters situation2.5 Action to avoid collision2 large enoughTo be readily apparent , be

21、substantialIn restricted vissibility area: alteration of course30, 6090; alteration of speed: half of initial speedIn sight of one another: be readily apparent to a person observing visually from the other ship2.5 Action to avoid collisionnNote: a succession of small alteration should be avoided.2.5

22、 Action to avoid collisionnEffective actions to avoid a close-quarters situationnA close quarters situation: to such an extent that it become no longer possible for one ship acting alone to pass at a safe distance: open sea: 23 nm(restricted visibility) 1nm (in sight of one another)Narrow channel: 1

23、NM; 2NM(POOR VISIBILITY)-Effective of Action to be checked: act as the requirements of the rules; the action is apparent to others; passing at safe distance2.5 Action to avoid collisionnReduction of speednpurpose: avoid collision; to allow more time to assess the situationnWhen: n -visibility be poo

24、rn-approaching the congested watersn- a fog signal is heard foreword of the beam1)- a vessel in sighted at short range should 2.5 Action to avoid collisionnTake all way off : crash stop2.5 Action to avoid collisionnNot to impede:-means: to get in the way of ; make something difficult to do -applicat

25、ion: both in sight of one another-applicable both before the risk of collision exists and the risk of collision has exists- actions: see rule 9 ,10, and 182.5 Action to avoid collisionnVessels required not to impede the others: sailing vessel, l20m,vessel engaged in fishing, vessel crossing a narrow

26、 channel or fairway, any vessel other than a vessel not under command or vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, sea plane on the water.Those vessels are required to take early actions to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.2.5 Action to avoid collisionnThe respo

27、nsibility of the vessel required not to impede is not relievednThe obligation of a vessel the passage of which is not to be impede:to comply with the rules of this part when two vessels are approaching 2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)-1nWhat is narrow channel?Different from that defined in shiphandlingnWh

28、at is fairway? Channel dredged2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)-2nRules for vessels proceeding along the course of a narrow channel: to keep as near to the outer limit as is safe and practicablenHow? Fixing correctly and accurately with radar, GPS, DGPS, and so on. 2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)-3Vessels requi

29、red not to impede:nL20m, how? If in doubt, how?nVessel engaged in fishing: not to impede the passage of other vessels, nVessel crossing a narrow channel: not impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)-4Overtaking in narrow channel:nAp

30、plication:-in visual sight of one another- in narrow channel of fairway- overtaking and overtaken vessel2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)nProcedure: sound signal2.6 narrow channel(rule 9)nBends in a channelnAnchoring : avoid to anchor in narrow 2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nDefinition : a routing m

31、easures aimed at the separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by the establishments of traffic lanesnAim of TSS: to produce an orderly flow of traffic for the purpose of reducing the risk of collision and stranding, mainly in areas of converging routes on high traffic densi

32、ty2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)The method used for separation scheme:nSeparation zone or linesnNatural obstacles and geographically defined objectsnInshore traffic zonesnSectors at approaches to focal pointsn roundabouts 2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)The term used in rules, and defini

33、tionsnTraffic lanenSeparation zone and linenInshore traffic2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)The principles of navigation within the TSSnTo proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow 2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nKeep clear of a zone or line separatin

34、g traffic proceeding in opposite direction2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nVessels joining or leaving a lane from either side at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nA vessel shall avoid crossing traffic lanes so far as p

35、racticablenTo cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow(heading)2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nCrossing2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)4 The use of inshore traffic zone(ITZ)nL20mnSailing vesselnVessel engaged in fishingnCoastal t

36、raffic proceeding to or from a local portnAvoid immediate danger2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)5. The use of separation zoneShall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:nVessel crossing the area covered by the separation schemenJoining or leaving a lanenEngaged

37、in fishing nTo avoid immediate danger2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)nVessel engaged in fishing is refrained from proceeding in the opposite direction to the general direction of flow in the adjacent traffic lane when fishing near a lane boundary2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)6 lane termi

38、nationWith particular caution,especially when the visibility is restricted.TSS has probably increased the incidence of fine crossing situation near the terminations due to converging and diverging traffic.2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)7 anchoring to be avoidIn a traffic separation scheme or i

39、n areas near its terminationn8 Vessel not using the scheme: not to impede the passage of vessel following the general direction in a lanen9 Small vessel and sailing vessels : to avoid impeding the safe passage of power-driven vessels following a general directionn10 Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver : exempted to carry out the operation 2.7 traffic separation scheme(rule10)n10 deep water routesPrimarily intended for use by ship which because of their draught in relation to the available depth of water are restricted in their choice of route