句子成分与结构课件.ppt

1、与结构与结构什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !句子成分句子成分概述概述:一个句子的各个组成部分一个句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分叫做句子成分.句子成分有句子成分有主语主语(Subject)、谓语谓语(Predicate)、宾语宾语（object）表语表语(Predicative)

2、、定语定语(Attribute)和和状语状语(Adverbial).e.g. The taxi-driver shouted at me angrily.主语主语谓谓语语宾宾语语状语状语句子除了上述几种基本成分外句子除了上述几种基本成分外, 还有还有补足语补足语，同位同位语语或一些独立成分或一些独立成分, 如插入语、呼语和感叹语等如插入语、呼语和感叹语等.e.g. Sandy, be quick.呼语呼语Oh, my God!感叹语感叹语Its too expensive, I think.插入语插入语We must all help to fight pollution.同位语同位语1.主语

3、主语a. 名词名词 Shanghai is in the east of China. Tom works very hard.b.代词代词 I bought a new book. That is a picture of our school. Who knows the answer?c.数词数词 Three plus four is seven. The first is the best. 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体一般由名词，代主语是一个句子所叙述的主体一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首在句首d.动词不定式动词不定式

4、 To see is to believe. It is important to learn English. e.动名词动名词 Smoking is harmful to the health.f.名词化的形容词或分词名词化的形容词或分词 The old should be respected. The disabled will receive more money.g.主语从句主语从句 What he said is not true.It is said that nobody knows where he lives.形式主语形式主语(Formal Subject)是代词是代词it

5、的一种用法的一种用法.当当句子的主语是句子的主语是动词不定式动词不定式、动名词短语动名词短语或或从句从句时时,为使句子平衡为使句子平衡, 一般用一般用it作形式主语放在句首作形式主语放在句首, 而而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后.a.It +谓语谓语+动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 It is a good habit to do morning exercises. It is difficult for him to give up smoking.b. It +谓语谓语+动名词短语动名词短语(主要用在以主要用在以no good/use, useless, wort

6、hwhile, dangerous等词作表语的句子中等词作表语的句子中)It is no use learning without thinking. It is dangerous playing with fire.It is a pity that you didnt come to the party. It is said that nobody knows where he lives. 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成一般放在主语简单动词或者动词短语构成一般放在主语之后之后.He is a middle scho

7、ol student. The new term will begin on the 1st of September. His novel has been translated into English.c. It +谓语谓语+名词性从句名词性从句(真正的主语是真正的主语是that引引导的名词性从句导的名词性从句)2. 谓语谓语3. 宾语宾语 宾语是动作的宾语是动作的对象对象，是动作的，是动作的承受者承受者. 由由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当充当宾语常用于及物动词之后宾语常用于及物动词之后, 称为称为动词宾语动词宾语. 介词后面的名词或代

8、词介词后面的名词或代词, 称为称为介词宾语介词宾语.a.名词名词 He lost his parents in his childhood.b.代词代词(人称代词用人称代词用宾格宾格) Everybody likes her.c.数词数词 -How many chairs do you want? -I want four.d.名词化的形容词和分词名词化的形容词和分词 The doctor is operating on the injured.e. 不定式不定式 Id like to have some coffee.I find it easy to sing this song.f.动名

9、词动名词 I havent finished reading your book yet.g. 宾语从句宾语从句 I think you are right.I really dont know what I should do next.I really dont know what to do next.(2)双宾语双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语直接宾语(Direct Object)和和间接宾语间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为一般为间接宾语间接宾语), 另一个指物

10、另一个指物(一般为直接宾语一般为直接宾语). 间间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前. He gave me a book. 间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语有时为了强调间接宾语, 也可将间接宾语后置也可将间接宾语后置, 并在并在其前加上介词其前加上介词to或或for. He gave a book to me. He bought this book for me.注意注意: 如果直接宾语是人称代词如果直接宾语是人称代词, 则间接宾语必须后则间接宾语必须后置置, 并在其前加上介词并在其前加上介词to或或for. Heres your report. Do

11、nt forget to show it to your parents.(3) 复合宾语复合宾语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思语才能表达完整的意思宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语叫宾语补足语叫做复合宾语做复合宾语(Complex Object).(Complex Object). 4.宾语补足语宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征用来补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征. 它它可由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定可由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现

12、在分词和过去分词充当式，现在分词和过去分词充当Mum asked him to buy some bread.I can see some students playing basketball.His father named him Johnny. Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. At last, he found him in trouble.注意注意:在在let, make, watch, see, hear, feel等使役等使役动词和感观动词后动词和感观动词后, 接不定式作宾补时接不定式作宾补时, 须省

13、去不须省去不定式符号定式符号to. We heard him sing in the next room.如复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词短语或从如复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词短语或从句句, 常用常用it来代替宾语来代替宾语, 将真正的宾语置于宾语补足将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后语之后, it则被称为则被称为形式宾语形式宾语. We found it difficult to solve this problem.形式宾形式宾语语宾语补足语宾语补足语真正宾语真正宾语I think it necessary that we should vote on it.形式宾语形式宾语宾语补足语宾

14、语补足语真正宾语真正宾语5.表语：表语： 表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征或是用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态的状态的,即说明主语是什么，或者怎么即说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者或者从从句句充当充当一般用在连系动词一般用在连系动词be, 或半系或半系动词如动词如become, look, turn, seem, appear, smell等之后等之后I am a teacher.The leaves turn yellow in autumn.Everybody is here.

15、They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing. The question is why we should put off the meeting.Newton is a famous scientist. Lets listen to the weather forecast first.Our school is going to build a swimming pool.The boy standing under the tree is his son.The boy in the room i

16、s Jack.I have no pen to write with.The man who is coming toward us is my English teacher. 定语用来修饰名词或代词定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语都可以充当定语6. 定语定语用来用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, , 说明说明动作发生的动作发生的地点、时间、地点、时间、原因、目的原因、目的、结果、结果、条、条件件、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况

17、、让步、方向、程度、方式或伴随情况的句子的句子成分成分, , 被称为状语。可充当状语的有被称为状语。可充当状语的有: :Who can write beautifully? Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside.He is writing with a pen. Not knowing what to do, I decided to give up.7. 状语状语a.副词副词b. 介词短语介词短语c. 分词短语分词短语 His mother often comes to see him. As soon as the teacher c

18、ame in, all the students stood up.Because he was ill, he didnt go to school.d. 不定式短语不定式短语e. 从句从句8. 同位语同位语 在句子中在句子中, 一个一个名词名词或或代词代词, 或或相当于名词的短语相当于名词的短语 或从句或从句, 放在另一个名词或代词之后放在另一个名词或代词之后, 用以说明它的用以说明它的 性质或情况性质或情况, 被称为同位语被称为同位语. a.名词名词 This is my best friend, Tom. b. 代词代词 We all got a surprise. c. 数词数词 T

19、his prize is for you two. d. 从句从句 I had no idea that you were here.句子成分练习：句子成分练习：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together

20、early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. His wish is to become a scientist.10. He managed to finish the work in time.11. Tom came to ask me for advice.12. He found it important to master

21、English.13. Do you have anything else to say?14. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.主语主语谓语谓语表语表语状语状语真正的宾语真正的宾语形式宾语形式宾语插入语插入语表语表语宾语宾语定语定语16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed

22、a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.宾语宾语状语状语状语状语形式主语形式主语表语表语宾语补足语宾语补足语宾语补足语宾语补足语表语表语基本句型 一1. He 2. The dinner3. The weather is smellsbecame tall and strong. good. warmer. 此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系系动词

23、有三类：动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：表示特征和存在状态的： be, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表状态延续的：表状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表状态变化表状态变化 的：的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow基本句型基本句型 二二1. Time 2. The sun 3. The man4. Everybodyflies. rises. cooked. laughed此句型中动词是不及物动词此句型中动词是不及

24、物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，状语，如，如，The red sun rises in the east. 基本句型基本句型 三三（及物动词）（及物动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. I 4. I5. Iknows laugh at want dont knowenjoythe answer? her. to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思

25、完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。常复杂。 基本句型基本句型 四四（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. I 2. Heshowedboughthimme my pictures. a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与

26、若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词介词to 或或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。朝着，向着，对着某人。用用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助（需借助 to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, sh

27、ow, teach, tell, write, ask等等（需借助（需借助for的）的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing等。等。 基本句型基本句型 五五（及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1. We 2. They 3. We 4. I keep call asked saw the table supper him them clean. dinner. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一此句型中谓语动词除了

28、跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。Exercises :Exercises : 翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：1. 1.我经常在早晨读英语。我经常在早晨读英语。 2. 2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.3.我的老师给我一封信。我的老师给我一封信。4. 4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5. 5.我们叫我们的老师王先生我们叫我们的老师王先生 6. 6.他正在房里做家庭作业。他正在房里做家庭作业。1. I often read English in the morning. 2

29、. Mary is a clever student. 3. My teacher gave me a letter. 4. My mother often asks me to study hard. 5. We call our teacher Mr. Wang. 6. He is doing his homework in the room. 主主 + + 谓谓 + + 宾宾主主 + + 系系 + + 表表 主主 + + 谓谓 + + 双宾双宾 主主+ + 谓谓 + + 宾宾 + +宾补宾补主主+ + 谓谓 + + 宾宾 + + 宾补宾补主主 + + 谓谓 + + 宾宾英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。子结构的基础。