大学英语四级写作-类型与结构分析课件.ppt

1、大学英语四级写作一、考核目的考核学生用英语进行书面表达的初步能力二、考核要求1.时间：30分钟2.字数：120词以上，180词一下3.题型：1）对比选择型2）原因解释型3）利弊分析型4）问题解决型5）记叙文6）应用文1 1作文题满分为作文题满分为1515分。分。阅卷标准共人为五等：阅卷标准共人为五等：2 2分，分，5 5分，分，8 8分，分，1111分及分及1414分。分。2 2分分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5 5分分-基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。

2、基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。8 8分分-基本切题，表达思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。基本切题，表达思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。1111分分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。1414分分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为某一分数文件次（如阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为某一分数文件次（如8 8分）相似，即定为（分）相似，即定为（8 8分）；若认为

3、稍优或劣于该档次，分）；若认为稍优或劣于该档次，则可加一分（则可加一分（9 9分）或减一分（分）或减一分（7 7分），但不得加减半分。分），但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分：字数不足应酌情扣分：少少1010字字少少2020字字少少3030字字少少4040字字少少5050字字少少5151字字累计字数累计字数110110119119100100109109909099998080898970707979 69 69扣分扣分1 12 23 34 45 55 5注：注：1 1、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。2 2、

4、只写一段者：只写一段者：0 04 4分，只写两段者：分，只写两段者：0 09 9分（指规定三段的作文）分（指规定三段的作文）3 3、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想, ,则给零分。则给零分。2. 2. 设作文最低分，采用下列成绩计算方法：设作文最低分，采用下列成绩计算方法： 1 1）作文分为）作文分为0 0分者，总分即使高于分者，总分即使高于6060分，一律作不及格处理；分，一律作不及格处理； 2 2）作文分大于）作文分大于 0 0 分小于分小于 6 6 分者，按下分者，按下 列方式计算成绩：列方式计算成绩：

5、 最后报道分最后报道分 = = 原计算总分原计算总分 6 + 6 + 作文实得分作文实得分三、评分标准：三、评分标准：主题段主题段扩展段扩展段(1-2段段)终结段终结段主题句（第主题句（第1句）句）扩展句（扩展句（1到到2句）句）终结句（引出下文）终结句（引出下文）132终结句（最后终结句（最后1 1句）句）扩展句扩展句主题句（第主题句（第1句）句）过渡词过渡词过渡词过渡词 二、全文二、全文( (议论文议论文) )基本结构：基本结构：第二部分第二部分四级作文的结构四级作文的结构KeytoSuccessIn such a competitive society, everyone has In

6、such a competitive society, everyone has a strong desire to be successful and in his a strong desire to be successful and in his life.life. But how to achieve success? But how to achieve success? In my In my opinion, there are three main keys opinion, there are three main keys a clear a clear object

7、ive, strong willpower and diligence.objective, strong willpower and diligence.FirstFirst, it is very important to set up a goal , it is very important to set up a goal before you start. No one can be successful before you start. No one can be successful without a goal in his mind. without a goal in

8、his mind. BesidesBesides, you need , you need a strong willpower to keep you go ahead. There a strong willpower to keep you go ahead. There always are tough stones in every road to always are tough stones in every road to success. Whether you can go through it depends success. Whether you can go thr

9、ough it depends on whether you are persistent enough. on whether you are persistent enough. Last but Last but not leastnot least, everyone who wants to succeed , everyone who wants to succeed should be diligent. There is and old saying, should be diligent. There is and old saying, “No pains, no gain

10、s.No pains, no gains.” Most successful people Most successful people owe their success to hard working, such as owe their success to hard working, such as Einstein.Einstein.In conclusion, if we want to be successful, In conclusion, if we want to be successful, we have to master the three main keys w

11、e have to master the three main keys mentioned above. mentioned above. There is no shortcut to There is no shortcut to success. success. The three keys will assure you to The three keys will assure you to realize your beautiful dream.realize your beautiful dream.主题句主题句扩展句扩展句终结句终结句连接词连接词连接词连接词段段落落1.主

12、题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.It is not difficult to make a right choice It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a house in the low-rise between buying a house in the

13、 low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area (area (主题句主题句). ).If we want to economize If we want to economize and get more personal area, we can and get more personal area, we can choose the low-rise; but if we want to choose the low-rise; but if we want

14、to live more comfortably, we will choose live more comfortably, we will choose the high-rise (the high-rise (扩展句扩展句). ). In a word, the In a word, the key lies in the alternative of economy key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort (and comfort (结尾句结尾句). ). 一、四级作文的段落基本结构：一、四级作文的段落基本结构：第三部分第

15、三部分 常见的错误和问题常见的错误和问题注意方面：注意方面：1切题 2结构（三段式） 3落题快（主题句在每段句首，不要绕圈） 4长度（120150字，卷面第二页中间或到三分之二处，不要过多）语言方面须注意的问题：语言方面须注意的问题：1题目的大写An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It Pays to Be Honest How to Succeed in a Job Interview2句子错误1）语态时态不正确I read the passage carefully and several mistakes were found.( 语

16、态不一致 )I read the passage carefully and found several mistakes.I am very grateful if you could help me with this problem.(时态不一致)I will be very grateful if you could help me with this problem.2）主谓不一致He like playing football very much.He likes playing football very much.3）中式英语My English has made great

17、progress.I have made great progress in English.Work makes me feel satisfied.Work is a source of satisfaction to me.4)结构不完整Although had many difficulties in studying English, I finally passed the exam.Although I had many difficulties in studying English, I finally passed the exam.Supposeyouhavetwoopt

18、ionsupongraduation2016年年12月月CET4作文题作文题对比观点对比观点/原因解释题型原因解释题型/利弊分析利弊分析Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.Oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure.Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsf

19、oryourdecision.对比开头对比开头Takeajobinacompanyv.sgotoagraduateschoolUpongraduation,someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool,butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately.Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages.Armedwithmoreknowledge,youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge-driveneconomy.Ne

20、vertheless,对比开头对比开头workinastate-ownedbusinessv.sworkinajointventureAftergraduation,Iprefertoworkatastate-ownedenterprise(SOE)insteadofasino-foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign-ownedcompany.Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages.Intheirearlystages,theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastax

21、cutsoreventaxexemptions,thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs.Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly“nationaltreatment”thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare.Ontheotherhand,对比开头对比开头findajobsomewherev.sstartabusinessofyourownWhilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany,inagovernmen

22、tagency,orataschool,Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown.Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits.Forexample,youdonthavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany,andyouhaveastableincome,modestasitmaybe.However, 开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论的问题。开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论的问题。 退一步，阐述二选一中另

23、一项的优势。退一步，阐述二选一中另一项的优势。 话锋一转，绕回主题，陈述个人的原因。话锋一转，绕回主题，陈述个人的原因。开头前两段Weallknowthat/asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutNowadays/atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat依我看来，我认为依我看来，我认为AsfarasIamconcernedasforme/asIseeitfrommyperspectiv

24、eformypart/personallyspeaking开头句式开头句式Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading(onlythe1stparagraph)onthistopic.改写练习改写练习一、开头常用语式一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入主题段的引入)AproverbsaysAstheproverbsaysSomepeoplesaythatManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthatWeallk

25、nowthatAsweallknowItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoItiswellknownthatItissaidthatIthasbeenfoundthatItiseasytoseethatThepiegraphshowsArecentsurveyprovidesThechart/graph/tableshowsNoonecandenythatNowadays,.Atpresen

26、t原因解释型原因解释型2015年12月真题Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesayingNevergoouttoseewhathappens;goouttomakethingshappen.Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes,“neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens;goout

27、theretomakethingsreallyhappen.”clearly,itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms.Istronglysupportthispointofview,andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint.ObservethebeginningsofmodelessaysThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceand

28、alifetimemission”wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation.Apparently,thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning.Inourdailylife,itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes.Meanwhile,ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaventkeptthehabitoflifel

29、onglearning.Takingalookaround,wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis:ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion:Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Thisisaproverbfulloflogic.Inotherwords,learningissignificantinourwholelife.Indeed,wecanlearnmanythingsfromit.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyitto

30、yourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones. 复述引言，简要解析引言主题 选取角度（基本都是拥护），围绕主题阐释例子。步骤：1.阐释现象/解释题意（举例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（举例）/得出结论（解释、提出论点/某种现象）Thereasonarelistedasfollows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3).

31、/Foronething,_(原因1).Foranother,_.(原因2)/Forinstance,_.(事例1)Anotherinstance/Acaseinthepointisthat_(事例2)Therefore,/Fromtheaboveexamples,/Inconclusion,/Inshort,/Inaword(结论或建议)Writingmodel:对比利弊型对比利弊型Forfreshmen,thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining.Writeanessayentitled“Ismilitarytraini

32、ngnecessary?” Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant. Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary.1. Yourownviews.IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary?Inmostcollegeanduniversities,thefirstlessonforthefreshmenismilitarytraining.Asforthisissue,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/peoplesattitudesarevariou

33、s.Theadvocatesholdtheviewthat,withthebasicmilitarytraining,studentswilllearndiscipline,teamworkandpatriotism.Theirexperienceofcooperatingwitheachothertosolveaproblemwillinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation,whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy,eventheirfuturecareer.OpeningsentenceThesisstatementTopics

34、entence1Theprotestors,however,arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeoplestime.IntodaysChina,thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining,nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle.Iagreet

35、hatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar.Nevertheless,throughhardandarduoustraining,thefreshmenaretransformedfromnaiveteenagersintoyoungadults.Thespiritsofunity,toughnessandbraverywillinfluencetheirlifeforever.conclusionTopicsentence2二、二、 中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列

36、，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。1表示表示“首先首先”first, firstly, first of all, to begin ，但不可但不可用用 at first。2表示表示“第二第二”、“此外此外”“”“其次其次”、“况且况且”second, secondly, and, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, whats more, in addition, besides+名词短语，名词短语，in addition to+名词

37、短语，名词短语，another+名词短语名词短语3表示表示 “最后最后”finally, last, lastly, last but not least 最后最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用但并非最不重要的是。但不可用at last 或或 in the end。4表示表示 “最重要的是最重要的是” above all, most important of all5.表示表示“更严重的是更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是更糟糕的是” more serious, even worse, to make matter worse6. 表示表示“最为严重的是最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是最糟糕的是”most

38、serious of all, worst of all二、二、 中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）例如：例如：1）First of all, 论据论据1. More importantly, 论据论据2. Most important of all, 论据论据3. In summary, 总结观点总结观点.2) The advantages can be listed as follows：First, 好处好处1. Besides, 好处好处2. Most important of all, 好处好处3. But every coin has two sides. T

39、he negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with,坏处坏处1. To make matter worse,坏处坏处2. Worst of all,坏处坏处3. From the above analysis, I believe 观点观点.3）For one thing, 论据论据1. For another, 论据论据2. Last but not the least, 论据论据3. To conclude, 总结观点或总结观点或 From above, we can predict that 预测预测. 4）First of all,

40、 论据论据1。 Furthermore, 论据论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点总结观点。 或或 From above, we can predict that 预测预测.二、二、 中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）中间常用句式（扩展段的连接） 其他词语或句式：其他词语或句式：1）用于强调：afterall,anyway,infact,indeed,appa

41、rently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于对比：however,ononehand,ontheotherhand,incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,instead,but,differentfrom,3）用于比较：similarly,likewise,like,inthesameway,4）用于列举：forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforgranted,except(for)5）表示时间：later,then,next,finally,atlast,eve

42、ntually,meanwhile,afterthat,fromnowon,atthesametime,forthetimebeing,aftersometime,intheend,immediately,inthemeantime,recently,soon,nowandthen,during,nowadays,presently,since,assoonas,afterwards,sometimelater,temporally,inthemeanwhile,afterawhile,6）用于解释：inotherwords,asamatteroffact,thatis,7)用于让步：alth

43、ough,inspiteof,despite,eventhough,evenif,though,nomatterhow8)用于结果：consequently,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其他：notonlybutalso,asfarasIamconcerned,whenitcomesto,inpractice,inprinciple,anotherkeyaspectofis,itistruethat,whatismoreseriousis,thereisnodoubtthat,butitisapit

44、ythat,butthetrouble/problem/pointisNowadays,_(讨论主题)playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,_(讨论主题)hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,_(好处1).Besides,_(好处2).Mostimportantofall,_(好处3).Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoap

45、parent.Tobeginwith,_(坏处1).Tomakematterworse,_(坏处2).Worstofall,_(坏处3).Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,(结论)./Ibelievethemanagementof_(主题)dependon(个人建议)Writingmodel:问题解决型问题解决型HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过各种途径解决；2.哪种途径适合我/我可以采取哪

46、些方法解决我的大学费用问题。Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents,especiallythosewhofromremoteareas.Infact,therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem.Generallyspeaking,wecangetmostourtuitionfeesfromourparents.Ifourfamilyissho

47、rtageofmoney,wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfromsomebanksorfromgovernments.Moreover,bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwintervacations,wecanearnthemoneyweneedfordinners,textbooksandtransportationfees.Lastbutnotleast,ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords,wecanevenwinscholars

48、hipsfromuniversities,whichcanlargelyameliorateourlivingconditionandrelievetheburdenoftuitionandfees.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iprefertoobtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart-timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition.Ontheonehand,Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichmayputthemundergreatpressur

49、e.Ontheotherhand,toobusyworkingpart-timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance.Therefore,acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollegelife,encouragemetomaintainmyindependencebutstillhelpmebalancemylifeandstudy.解决问题要讲究方法，可按时间先后，也可按轻重缓急等排列。基本模式为：（目前的现象及存在的问题）.Manywayscancontributeto_（

50、要解决的问题）,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_(使用这些方法时要注意的事项)/(展望)/(总结上述三种方法).三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）1表示表示 “总之总之 ”、 “总而言之总而言之 ”、 “简言之简言之 ”in conclusion, in summary, to