微观经济学-供给和需求(双语)课件.ppt
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1、MicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsSection 02Supply and Demand1ppt课件MarketMarketThe bids for kidney Why It is illegalWhat is market 买卖商品的任何场合 What determines the price of a goods or service How does the price of a product affect its production or consumption Why do prices and production levels often change
2、2ppt课件MarketMarketGoals(目标) Maximize something(最大化) Economic Man (经济人)Constraints(约束) Limited resources3ppt课件MarketMarketSpecialization and Exchange(专业化与交换) Our inability as individuals to produce all the things we desire The limited amount of time, energy, and resources we possess for producing tho
3、se things we could make for ourselves4ppt课件MarketMarketMarket Interactions Participants Consumers(消费者) Business firms(厂商) Governments(政府) Foreigners(国外参与者)5ppt课件Market InteractionsMarket InteractionsconsumersGovernmentBusiness firmsProduct marketsFactor marketsForeign market participantsForeign mark
4、et participantsGHD: Goods and services demandedA: Goods and services suppliedB: Factors of production demandedC: Factors of production suppliedFE6ppt课件MarketMarketBasic assumptions市场出清:市场上的供求均衡,无资源闲置Clearing market 商品价格具有充分的灵活性,能使需求和供给迅速达到均衡的市场。能迅速获得各种信息perfect information 有限度的理性(bounded rational) 完
5、全理性:个体的最优化行为Economic Man完全信息7ppt课件DemandDemandDemand“愿意购买欲望” (willing) (needs)(wants)(desires)“能够支付能力” able这两个条件缺一都不构成需求。Demand is an expression of consumer buying intentions, of a willingness to buy, not a statement of actual purchase. 需求:在一定时期内,在各种可能的价格水平,人们愿意并且能够购买的商品量。A demand exists only if som
6、eone is willing and able to pay for the good8ppt课件DemandDemandDemand schedule An example Tom需求表:某种商品的各种价格水平和与之相对应的该商品需求量之间关系的数字序列表。用数字表格的形式来表示商品的价格和需求量之间的函数关系。Demand SchedulePrice of ServiceQuantity of Service Demandper hourHours per semesterA$501B452C403D355E307F259G2012H1515I10209ppt课件DemandDemand
7、050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920ABCDEFGHIThe demand curve The demand curve is a graphical illustration of the demand schedule 需求曲线表示在其他情况不变条件下,在特定时期,某消费者在各种可能的价格下愿意并且能够购买的某商品的量的集合的曲线。Quantity of web design services demandedHours per semesterPrice of web services (dollars
8、per hour)10ppt课件DemandDemandLaw of demand (需求法则) 假设其他条件不变,在给定时期内,对商品的需求量随其价格下降而增加。 需求量与价格呈反方向变动 Example: Compaq used this law to increase computer sales in 2000.050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920ABCDEFGHIQuantity of web design services demandedHours per semesterPrice of web
9、 services (dollars per hour)As price falls the quantity demanded increase.11ppt课件DemandDemandDeterminants of demand Price Taste (desire for this and other goods) Income (of the consumer) Other goods (their availability and price) Expectations (for income, price, tastes) Number of buyers12ppt课件Demand
10、DemandDemand Function需求函数:表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的。影响需求数量的各个因素是自变量,需求数量是因变量。需求函数的数学表达式D=f(a, b, c, d, n )a, b, c, d, n代表上述影响需求的因素。将问题简化,假定其他条件保持不变,仅仅分析价格对该商品需求量的影响,需求函数就可以用下式表示:Qd = f(P)P为商品的价格; Qd为商品的需求量。13ppt课件DemandDemandDemand Function 更进一步简化在不影响结论的前提下,大多使用线性需求函数,其形式为:Qd = P其中、为常数,为截距,为斜
11、率倒数(相对于价格轴的斜率)。050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920PQQd图中:Qd = 220.4P14ppt课件DemandDemandShifts in demand The demand schedule and curve remain unchanged only so long as the underlying determinants of demand remain constant. If the ceteris paribus assumptions is violated, the a
12、bility or willingness to buy will change. Then, the demand curve will shift to a new position. 15ppt课件DemandDemandA shift in demandThe determinants of demand may themselves change, causing the demand curve to shift.An increase in income increases demand from D1 to D2.Changes in any of other determin
13、ants of demand would also cause the demand curve to shift.050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920d1Quantity (Hours per semester)Price (per hour)d2D1: Initial demandD2: Increased demandSHIFTDemand shifts if tastes, income, other goods, or expectations change.16ppt课件DemandDemandMo
14、vements vs. shifts050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920d1Quantity (Hours per semester)Price (per hour)D1: demandIt is important to distinguish shifts of the demand curve from movements along the demand curveMovements along a demand curve are a response to price changes for tha
15、t good.d2Movement along curveShifts of the demand curve occur when the determinants of demand change.17ppt课件DemandDemandChanges in quantity demanded: movements along a given demand curve, response to price change of that good. 在其他条件不变时,由某商品的价格变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。Changes in demand: shifts of the demand
16、 curve due to changes in tastes, income, other goods or expectations.在某商品价格不变的条件下,由于其他因素变动所引起的该商品的需求数量的变动。18ppt课件DemandDemandThe market demand curveQuantity of services demandedHours per semesterPrice per hourTom+George+Lisa=Total DemandA$501405B452608C4038011D35511016E30714122F25918330G201222539H15
17、1526647I102030757M a r k e t d e m a n d r e p r e s e n t s t h e combined demands of all market participants. To determine the total q u a n t i t y o f w e b services demanded at any given price, we add up the separate d e m a n d s o f t h e individual consumers.19ppt课件DemandDemandThe market dem
18、and curveQuantity demanded (Hours per semester)Price (per hour)0481216205045403530252015105048121620242832 0481216200102030405060Toms demand curveGeorges demand curveLisas demand curveThe market demand curve20ppt课件But we must noticeBut we must notice需求定理特例Giffens Goods (吉芬商品) :需求量与价格成同向变动的特殊商品。英国人吉芬
19、发现1845年爱尔兰发生灾荒,土豆价格上升,但需求量却反而增加。在当时被称为“吉芬难题”。原因:土豆涨价引起英国靠工资生活的低收入者购买更多的土豆,而不是买得更少。21ppt课件But we must noticeBut we must notice需求定理特例Conspicuous goods (炫耀性物品)由凡勃伦提出。炫耀性消费:如果完全用价格来衡量需求程度,在价格低时买得少,价格高时买得多。手饰中的黄金与钻石;茅台酒价格;这种商品为定位性物品Positional Goods,这类商品具有显示财富的效应。22ppt课件But we must noticeBut we must notic
20、e需求定理特例在价格大变动时由价格预期引起的高价多买,低价少买。“买涨不买落”。在经济波动时,收入发生变化,价格高多买,价格低少买。如黑白电视价格下降买的人少。价格高的同种商品需求可能大于价格低的商品,如名牌商品与同种的非名牌商品;这应作二种不同的商品来对待。23ppt课件SupplySupplySupply“愿意- 供给欲望”“能够- 供给能力”这两个条件缺一都不构成供给。Market supply is an expression of sellers intensions, of the ability and willingness to sell, not a statement o
21、f actual sales.供给:生产者在一定时期内,在各种可能的价格水平,厂商愿意而且能够供应的商品量。The market supply of a good reflects the collective behavior of all firms that are willing and able to sell that good at various prices.24ppt课件SupplySupplySupply schedule An example Tom供给表:某种商品的各种价格和与各种价格相对应的该商品的供给数量之间关系的数字序列表。用数字表格的形式表示商品的价格和供给量
22、之间的函数关系。Demand SchedulePriceQuantity Suppliedper hourHours per semesterA$1010B1520C2039D2560E3090F35110G40130H45140I5015025ppt课件SupplySupply0504540353025201510510 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100110120130140150160170180190200The Supply curve The supply curve is a graphical illustration of the supply sched
23、ule 供给曲线表示在其他情况不变条件下,在特定时期,某生产者在各种可能的价格下愿意并且能够提供的某商品的量的集合的曲线。Quantity Supplied (Hours per semester)Price (per hour)ABCDEFGHI26ppt课件SupplySupplyLaw of supply (供给法则) 假设其他条件不变,在给定时期内,对商品的供给量随其价格提高而增加。 供给量与价格呈同方向变动0504540353025201510510 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100110120130140150160170180190200Quantity Su
24、pplied (Hours per semester)Price (per hour)ABCDEFGHIAt higher prices a larger quantity is supplied27ppt课件SupplySupplyDeterminants of Supply Technology Taxes and subsidies Factor costs Expectations Other goods Number of sellers28ppt课件SupplySupplySupply Function供给函数:表示一种商品的供给数量和影响该供给数量的各种因素之间的相互关系的。影响
25、供给数量的各个因素是自变量,供给数量是因变量。供给函数的数学表达式S=f(a, b, c, d, n )a, b, c, d, n代表上述影响供给的因素。将问题简化,假定其他条件保持不变,仅仅分析价格对该商品供给量的影响,供给函数就可以用下式表示:Qs = f(P)P为商品的价格; Qs为商品的供给量。29ppt课件SupplySupplySupply Function 更进一步简化在不影响结论的前提下,大多使用线性供给函数,其形式为:Qs = + P其中 、为常数30ppt课件SupplySupplyShifts in Supply 050454035302520151051 2 3 4 5
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