文章结构分析(UnderstandingText课件.ppt

1、Understanding Text Structures 1ppt课件What is a text structure? A “structure” is a building or framework “Text structure” refers to how a piece of text is built2ppt课件What is a text structure? Builders can use different kinds of structures to build different things A skyscraper, for example, is a diffe

2、rent kind of structure from a house3ppt课件What is a text structure? Writers use different structures to build their ideas Each text structure communicates ideas in a different way4ppt课件Chronological order Authors use chronological order to explain how things happen in order Chronological order is als

3、o called sequence or time order5ppt课件Chronological order You will know that you are reading a text in chronological order because you will see words like first, next, later, then, and finally6ppt课件Chronological order You will often see chronological order in directions: Have you ever made macaroni a

4、nd cheese? Its simple! First, boil some water and make some macaroni. Then, make your cheese sauce. After the cheese sauce is ready, mix it with the macaroni. Bake the entire thing in the oven. Finally, its time to eat!7ppt课件Chronological order You will often see chronological order in directions: H

5、ave you ever made macaroni and cheese? Its simple! First, boil some water and make some macaroni. Then, make your cheese sauce. After the cheese sauce is ready, mix it with the macaroni. Bake the entire thing in the oven. Finally, its time to eat!8ppt课件Which paragraph is in chronological order? Penn

6、sylvania has many historic sites. You can visit Revolutionary war sites, like Valley Forge. You can also visit important locations from the Civil War, like Gettysburg. Finally, you can also see the site of the first oil well in Titusville. Pennsylvania has many neat places to visit! Through the ages

7、, Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events. The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn. Later, Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles. After that, Pennsylvania was home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution. Today, Pennsylvania continues to make history.

8、9ppt课件Which paragraph is in chronological order? Through the ages, Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events. The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn. Later, Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles. After that, Pennsylvania was home to new factories during the Indu

9、strial Revolution. Today, Pennsylvania continues to make history.This is the paragraph in chronological order. Can you find the clue words that show this order?10ppt课件Which paragraph is in chronological order? Through the ages, Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events. The state was founded in

10、1681 by William Penn. Later, Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles. After that, Pennsylvania was home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution. Today, Pennsylvania continues to make history.This is the paragraph in chronological order. Can you find the clue words

11、that show this order?11ppt课件Think about it!What is a structure?What does chronological order mean?What are some clue words that show chronological order?12ppt课件Another text structure But what if an author doesnt want to show how something happened in sequence? The author would need to use another te

12、xt structure! 13ppt课件Another text structure Suppose an author wanted to explain how these two birds are similar and different Chronological order wouldnt work-there is no order of events The author would need to use compare and contrast14ppt课件Another text structure The cardinal and the cedar waxwing

13、 are two common birds. Both have crests on their heads. Both are common at birdfeeders. But the birds have some differences. The male cardinal is a bright red, while the waxwing is brown. The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place. On the other hand, the cardinal stays in one place year af

14、ter year.15ppt课件Compare and contrast clue words When authors use the text structure of compare and contrast, they often use special clue words to show this text structure. Can you find the clue words in the paragraph?16ppt课件Can you find the clue words? The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two comm

15、on birds. Both have crests on their heads. Both are common at birdfeeders. But the birds have some differences. The male cardinal is a bright red, while the waxwing is brown. The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place. On the other hand, the cardinal stays in one place year after year.17pp

16、t课件Here they are! The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds. Both have crests on their heads. Both are common at birdfeeders. But the birds have some differences. The male cardinal is a bright red, while the waxwing is brown. The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place. On the

17、 other hand, the cardinal stays in one place year after year.18ppt课件Compare and contrast graphic organizer To organize details from a paragraph in compare and contrast, use a Venn diagram19ppt课件Review Can you explain the difference between chronological order and compare and contrast? How can clue w

18、ords help you as a reader?20ppt课件Another text structure Sometimes, a writer will want to explain how one event leads to another This kind of text structure is called cause and effect21ppt课件Cause and effect clue words When authors write paragraphs to show causes and effects, they use words like cause

19、, effect, as a result, consequently, and so 22ppt课件Can you find the clue words? The nights snowstorm had many effects. People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice. Snow plows drove down every street. Children were the happiest of all. The unexpected snow

20、 caused school to be cancelled!23ppt课件Can you find the clue words? The nights snowstorm had many effects. People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks. The power lines were draped with ice. Snow plows drove down every street. Children were the happiest of all. The unexpected snow caused schoo

21、l to be cancelled!24ppt课件More with cause and effect Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures! 25ppt课件More with cause and effect Baby pa

22、inted turtles spend all winter in their nests. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures! This is the cause26ppt课件More with cause and effect Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their ne

23、sts. They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures! This is the effect27ppt课件Review Which text structure tells about how things are similar and different? Compare and contrast Which text structu

24、re explains how things happen in time order? Chronological order28ppt课件Another kind of text structure Sometimes, an author will want to explain a problem, and then show one or more solutions This kind of text structure is called problem and solution29ppt课件An example of problem and solution Park Scho

25、ol had a terrible problem. Every day at recess, students would argue over the slides. Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments. Finally, one teacher came up with a great solution. They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.30ppt课件An example of problem and so

26、lution Park School had a terrible problem. Every day at recess, students would argue over the slides. Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments. Finally, one teacher came up with a great solution. They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy. Can you find the p

27、roblem and the solution in this paragraph?31ppt课件An example of problem and solution Park School had a terrible problem. Every day at recess, students would argue over the slides. Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments. Finally, one teacher came up with a great solution. Th

28、ey bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy. Here is the problem32ppt课件An example of problem and solution Park School had a terrible problem. Every day at recess, students would argue over the slides. Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments. Finally, one teach

29、er came up with a great solution. They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy. Here is the problemHere is the solution33ppt课件Of course, problem and solution is not always so simple Often, authors will signal problem and solution structure with clue words like problem and solution, ju

30、st like in the last paragraph Sometimes, authors will use related words34ppt课件Of course, problem and solution is not always so simple Synonyms for problem include difficulty, struggle, uncertainty, worry, threat, and trouble Synonyms for solution include possibility, hope, bright spot, answer, and f

31、uture35ppt课件A more difficult problem and solution paragraph The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future. Issues such as pesticides, too many nutrients, and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life. However, scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter. If everyone

32、in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together, solutions may be found.36ppt课件A more difficult problem and solution paragraph The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future. Issues such as pesticides, too many nutrients, and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life. However, sc

33、ientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter. If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together, solutions may be found.What is the problem? What is the solution?37ppt课件A more difficult problem and solution paragraph The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future. Issues such as pesti

34、cides, too many nutrients, and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life. However, scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter. If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together, solutions may be found.Problem Solution38ppt课件Text structures weve learned so

35、far Chronological order Compare and contrast Cause and effect Problem and solution39ppt课件Match the clue words! however, on the other hand, similarity, like, unlikeCan you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?Compare and contrast40ppt课件Match the clue words! as a result, conseq

36、uently, therefore, so, cause, effectCan you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?Cause and effect41ppt课件Match the clue words! problem, solution, threat, difficulty, hope, answer, possibilityCan you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?Problem and solut

37、ion42ppt课件Are there any other text structures?Most paragraphs that we write in school can be called main idea, description, or statement and support paragraphs43ppt课件Main idea paragraphs In this kind of paragraph, the author offers a main idea statement, and then supports that statement with several

38、 details44ppt课件Main idea paragraphs The pond was a beautiful place to visit. The falling leaves, all different colors, decorated the surface of the water. At the edges of the pond, small wildflowers grew. The golden forest glowed faintly in the distance. 45ppt课件Main idea paragraphs The pond was a be

39、autiful place to visit. The falling leaves, all different colors, decorated the surface of the water. At the edges of the pond, small wildflowers grew. The golden forest glowed faintly in the distance. Main idea46ppt课件Main idea paragraphs The pond was a beautiful place to visit. The falling leaves,

40、all different colors, decorated the surface of the water. At the edges of the pond, small wildflowers grew. The golden forest glowed faintly in the distance. Main ideaAll of the other sentences explain why the main idea is true47ppt课件Main idea paragraphs Clue words in these paragraphs may include: O

41、ne reason, another reason, and for example48ppt课件Now its your turn! On the next few slides, you will read some paragraphs about the Great Chicago Fire Your task is to decide on the text structure for each one Understanding the text structure will help you to understand each paragraph49ppt课件Whats the

42、 text structure? Chronological order Compare and contrast Cause and effect Problem and solution Main idea Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8. A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call

43、for the fire department. By 9:30 pm, the entire block was blazing. In another 3 hours, there were fires all over Chicago. The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger. It would be another day before the fire would be completely out. By that time, 17,500 buildings had been burned.50p

44、pt课件Whats the text structure? Chronological order Compare and contrast Problem and solution Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8. A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire d

45、epartment. By 9:30 pm, the entire block was blazing. In another 3 hours, there were fires all over Chicago. The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger. It would be another day before the fire would be completely out. By that time, 17,500 buildings had been burned.51ppt课件Whats the

46、text structure? Chronological order Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8. A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department. By 9:30 pm, the entire block was blazing. In

47、another 3 hours, there were fires all over Chicago. The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger. It would be another day before the fire would be completely out. By that time, 17,500 buildings had been burned.52ppt课件Whats the text structure? Chronological order Daniel Sullivan was

48、the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8. A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department. By 9:30 pm, the entire block was blazing. In another 3 hours, there were fires all over Chicago. The

49、heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger. It would be another day before the fire would be completely out. By that time, 17,500 buildings had been burned.53ppt课件Whats the text structure? Chronological order Notice how the paragraph shows how events happen in time order Daniel Sulliv

50、an was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8. A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department. By 9:30 pm, the entire block was blazing. In another 3 hours, there were fires all over Chicag