英语句子成分讲解及练习ppt课件.ppt

1、-1 英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语句子结构的基础。-2* *句子成分（句子成分（member of sentencemember of sentence）由）由词或词组充当词或词组充当英语

2、的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种：_和和_主语主语(subject)、谓语谓语(predicate)、表语表语(predicative)、 宾语宾语(object)、定语定语(attribute)、状语状语(adverbial)补语补语(complement)-3英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一一: (主谓主谓)二二: (主系表主系表)三三: (主谓宾主谓宾)四四: (主谓间宾直宾主谓

3、间宾直宾)五五: (主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)-4基本句型基本句型 一一: :( (主谓主谓) )主语主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词主格代词, 动词不定式动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语谓语: 谓语由动词构成谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态是英语时态、语态变化的主角变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。形成主谓结构。如如: We come.-5( (不及物动词不及物动词) )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What

4、he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点, 即句子的谓语即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的都能表达完整的意思。虽然这种结构中动词后面不加宾语，但是往往带有状语。后意思。虽然这种结构中动词后面不加宾语，但是往往带有状语。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。-6状语可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived

5、 in the city for ten years.（介词短语 ) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）-7状语还可以由以下成分表示 Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） Wait a minute.（名词）-8 巩固练习：巩固练习： 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。 3在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经

6、发生了在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大。巨大。1. She went home very late yesterday evening. The meeting will last two hours.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. -9 4五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。 5秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 6我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 7. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。I lived in Beijing

7、 five years ago.In autumn, some birds fly to the south.My grandfather gets up early in the morning. Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.-108. 他一直走到山边。他一直走到山边。 He walked as far as the hillside.9.这支笔很好写。这支笔很好写。 The pen writes smoothly.10. 这些苹果很好卖。这些苹果很好卖。 These apples

8、 sell well.11. 水果不易保鲜。水果不易保鲜。 Fruits cant keep well.12. 这种布很易洗。这种布很易洗。 This kind of cloth washes easily.13. 她高兴地跳起来了。她高兴地跳起来了。 He jumped with joy.-11基本句型基本句型 二二: : ( (主谓宾主谓宾) )此句型句子的此句型句子的共同特点共同特点是：谓语动词是：谓语动词都都具有实义具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作, 但不能但不能表达完整的意思表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者即动作的承受者, 才能使意

9、思完整。才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。这类动词叫做及物动词。-12主语主语 + 及物动词及物动词(及物动词后面可直及物动词后面可直接加宾语接加宾语) + 宾语宾语1. My sister is writing a letter at this moment.2. Jack enjoys collecting stamps.3. Our teacher promised to see the movie with us.4. I dont know which school he is in.-13 巩固练习：巩固练习： 1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今

10、天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.-14 4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。They have carried out the plan successfully. That ge

11、ntleman can speak three languages fluently. I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. Jim cannot dress himself.-15 8我们大家都相信我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。是一个诚实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？我开窗户你在意吗？ All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say.Do you mind my open

12、ing the window? -16基本句型基本句型 三三: : ( (主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾) )有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个这两个宾语通常一个指人指人(间接宾语间接宾语); 一个指物一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。1. His father bought him a computer.2. I sent a birthday gift to her yesterday.3. My mother taught me how to do it4. She asked Lucy whose pen

13、 it was.-171. His father bought him a computer.2. I sent a birthday gift to her yesterday.3. My mother taught me how to do it4. She asked Lucy whose pen it was.-18常见的可以接双宾语的动词有常见的可以接双宾语的动词有 tell(告诉某人告诉某人), tell sb sth (tell sth to sb) send(送给某人送给某人), send sb sth (send sth to sb) give(给某人给某人), give s

14、b sth (give sth to sb) bring(带给某人带给某人), bring sb sth (bring sth to sb)-19 leave(留给某人留给某人), leave sb sth (leave sth to sb) pass(递给某人递给某人), pass sb sth (pass sth to sb) read(给某人读给某人读), read sb sth (read sth to sb) write(给某人写给某人写), write sb sth (write sth to sb) take(给某人拿给某人拿), take sb sth (take sth to

15、 sb)-20 show(给某人看给某人看), show sb sth (show sth to sb) teach(教给某人教给某人), teach sb sth (teach sth to sb) lend(借给某人借给某人), lend sb. sth (lend sth to sb) return(还给某人还给某人) return sb sth (return sth to sb) hand(递给某人递给某人) hand sb sth (hand sth to sb) throw(扔给某人扔给某人) throw sb sth (throw sth to sb)-21 get(为某人弄到

16、), get sb sth (get sth for sb) pay(支付给某人), pay sb sth (pay sth for sb) buy(为某人买), buy sb sth (buy sth for sb) do(为某人做) do sb sth (do sth for sb) sing(为某人唱) sing sb sth (sing sth for sb) play(为某人演奏) play sb sth (play sth for sb)-22 cook(为某人煮) cook sb sth (cook sth for sb) choose(为某人选择) choose sb sth

17、(choose sth for sb) make(为某人做) make sb sth (make sth for sb) save(为某人留) save sb sth (save sth for sb) fetch(为某人去取) fetch sb sth (fetch sth for sb)-23 巩固练习：巩固练习： 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Mr. Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma

18、 told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary?-24 4他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。 7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。毛衣。He showed the ticket to the conductor.Shall I call you a taxi? The new machine will save yo

19、u a lot of labour. He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.-25基本句型四基本句型四: :( (主系表主系表) )此句型的句子有一个共同的特点此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子句子谓语谓语动词动词都不能表达一个完整的意思都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做叫做连系动词。连系动词。-26系动词系动词分两类分两类: be, look, k

20、eep, seem等等, 表情况表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类等属另一类, 表变化。表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。-27常见的系动词常见的系动词 （一） be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were （二） 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go （三） 感官动词类: 眼（look ）耳(sound)鼻(smell)舌(taste)身(feel) （四） 表示延续性的动词 ：remain

21、 、stay 、keep -28( (是系动词是系动词) ) ( (表语表语) ) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred. -29巩固练习：巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长。冬季白天短，夜晚长。2十五岁他十五岁他就成为就成为有名的钢琴家了。有名的钢琴家了。 3孩

22、子们很少孩子们很少保持保持安静。安静。 4她的工作她的工作是是在幼儿园里照看儿童。在幼儿园里照看儿童。In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.-305他失业了。他失业了。 6树叶树叶已经变已经变黄了。黄了。7这个报告这个报告听起来听起来很有意思。很有意思。He is o

23、ut of work. The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting.-31基本句型基本句型 五五: （复合宾语）（复合宾语）(主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的共同特点共同特点是是: 动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语: 位于位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的

24、有名词可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词形容词, 不定式不定式,动名词动名词, 分词分词, 介词短语等。介词短语等。-32主语主语 + 及物动词及物动词 + 宾语宾语 + 宾语补足语宾语补足语1. We must keep the classroom clean.2. They consider Jack a brave boy. 3. Let the fresh air in.4. Lucy will make herself known.5. I saw the little girl dancing.-33The war made him a soldier.New methods m

25、ake the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词-34接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make,find,elect,consider等。如： We call them mooncakes. They consider Jack a brave boy.

26、-35II. 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find,consider,like等。如： At first I found Chinese hard. We must keep the classroom clean. -36III. 动词不定式作宾语补足语时通常分为下面三种情况： I）接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell, want, ask, wish, teach等。如： Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。-37II）接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语

27、的动词常见的有hear, see, watch, let, make等。如： He made us laugh. III）接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是help。如： She often helps her mother（to） do some housework. -38 IV. 接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如： In the country, he can hear birds singing. I saw the little girl dancing. -39V. 接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词

28、常见的有find, keep, take,consider,等。如： The boy found his pen on the floor. -40VI. 接副词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有keep,let,find,put,push等.如:Let the fresh air in.They couldnt find the way back.-41 VII. 接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有want, see, hear, find, keep,get,leave等。如：Lucy will make herself known.I want the work finished soon.-

29、42巩固练习：巩固练习：1我们叫她我们叫她Alice。2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。 They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. We call her Alice.We all consider him honest.-43 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发。他每个月理一次发。 8我们不会让她

30、在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut once a month. We wont let her go out at night. -44 12他感到很难跟你交谈。他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。起立。 He felt it very difficul

31、t to talk with you.I consider it possible to work out the problemin another way. The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. -45英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 说明：说明： 此句型是由此句型是由“there+be+主语主语+其他其他”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语

32、动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用此句型有时不用be动词，而用动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.-46There beThere be + 主语主语 (例句) There was a big fire in the early Apri

33、l of 1978. There seemed to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There was said to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There happened to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There couldnt have been a big fire in the early April of 1978.-47巩固练习：巩固练习：1这个村子过去只有一口井。这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国

34、人和两名法国人。客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的战前这儿一直有家电影院的.Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. The light is on. There must be someone in the office. There used to be a

35、cinema here before the war.There was only a well in the village.-48 6恰好那时房里没人。恰好那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。铃响了。 There happened to be nobody in the room at that time. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.There

36、comes the bus.There remained only twenty eight dollars.There goes the bell.-49a. b. c. d. e. 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job is to train swimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the room. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec-50一、一、 定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰

37、、限定作用定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子的词、短语或句子, 译为译为的的。定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前。复合不定代词复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；之后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰的成分后；被修饰的成分后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后。-51Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a bal

38、l pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. -52二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的的句子成分句子成分, 说明说明方式、因果、条件、时间、方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。等。-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, 不定式不

39、定式, 分词分词, 介词短语介词短语, 从句等从句等。 -53In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里在教室里, 男孩需要一支钢笔。男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语地点状语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子。汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天星期天, 教室里没有学生。教室里没有学生。 (时间状语时间状语) 介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：-54分词分词(

40、短语短语)作状语：作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语原因状语)Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.(因为因为)受了惊吓受了惊吓, 他无声地坐在那儿。他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语原因状语)-55The boy needs a pen to do his homework.

41、男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语目的状语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想, 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：-56状语从句：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we wal

42、ked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.-57三、同位语：三、同位语：同位语同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时同等位置时, 一个句子成分一个句子成分用来说明和解释用来说明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。同位语。We students should study hard. (students是是we的同位语的同位语, 都是指同一批都是指同一批“学生学生”)We all are students. (all是是we的同位语的同位语,

43、都指同样的都指同样的“我们我们”)-58四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。独立成分。感叹词感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词: yes否定词否定词: no称呼语称呼语: 称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语插入语: 一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信我相信, 这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束.-59(一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下

44、列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.-60(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling

45、very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.-61(三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!-62(四四) 挑出下列

46、句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.-63(五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Ev

47、ery night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.-64 With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. Th

48、e students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.-65划分句子成分划分句子成分 You will tell your friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The dark

49、, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.-661.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语定语直接宾语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语