Environmental-Ecology-1-2环境生态学课件.ppt
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- Environmental Ecology 环境 生态学 课件
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1、Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment The environment is a combination of the physical environment (temperature, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an organism exerted by other organisms (the biotic environment)Five warbler species feed in diff
2、erent zones in spruce treeMacArthurs work stimulated numerous studies of competition among many groups of organisms, including warblers. Some of these studies produced results that supported his work and others produced different results.All added to our knowledge of competition between species and
3、of warbler ecology.Douglass Morsewhether warblers use the same feeding zones in the absence of one or more of the other specie?The studies of MacArthur and Morse show how field studies can be used to address important ecological questionField studies can also be combined with laboratory studies to y
4、ield even more detailed information about ecological systemsBumblebee-Live in most of the cool regions of the earth. But how they maintain a warm body temperature in a cool environment?Ecologist Heinrich realized that in order to understand the ecology of bumblebees, he needed to quantify their gain
5、s and losses of energyHe used the Field and Laboratory StudiesFor ecologists who study the budgets of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium, one of the first steps is to inventory their distribution within an ecosystemNalini Nadkarni-inventories by her changed our ideas of how tropical
6、and temperate rain forests are structured and how they functionThe earth and its life are always changingHowever, many of the most important changes occur over such a long period of time or at such large spatial scales that they are difficult to studyTwo approaches that provide insights into long-te
7、rm and large-scale processes are studies of pollen preserved in lake sediments and theoretical modelingIndividuals populationsCommunities ecosystemsThere are maily four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate:(i) Considering the response of individuals to their environments(i
8、i) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment, and considering processes such as abundance and fluctuations(iii) The composition, structure and function of communities (the populations occurring in a defined area), and their dynamics(iv) The processes occurring with
9、in ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrientsRule 1: Ecology is a scienceEcology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider
10、environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpointRule 2: Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolutionThe huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior
11、are all the results of many millions of years of evolution. Thus evolutionary history has left an indelible(难以磨灭的)impression on each and every individual It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacyRule 3: Nothing happens for the good of th
12、e speciesA very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur for the good of the species. This is absolutely and completely wrongNatural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if the
13、se genes may cause a reduction in the species population sizeRule 4: Genes and environment are both importantThe environment that an organism finds itself in plays an important role in determining the options open to that individual. The genes which define an organisms makeup are also of fundamental
14、 importance To understand ecology, it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both of these factors and the fact that they interactRule 5: Understanding complexity requires modelsEcology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every scale-millions of species, each with consi
15、derable genetic variation, varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic environmentTo understand it, it is necessary to clearly identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can be testedIt is often very useful to frame the hypothesis in mathematical terms t
16、o avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal modelMathematical models are widely used in ecologyRule 6: Story-telling is dangerousIn attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily e
17、xplained by some ad hoc (特别的) assertion story-tellingThe temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costsRule 7: here are hierarchies of explanationsFor any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently in
18、formative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situationEven if a phenomenon is explained, there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller pictureRule 8: There are multiple constraints on organismsWhilst the total diversity of form, function a
19、nd environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is awe-inspiring, each individual (and, to a slightly lesser extent, each species) operates within a relatively narrow range of constraintsConstraints fundamentally take two forms, (i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution cab never reach perfec
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