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类型多动症的认识及干预策略课件.pptx

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    关 键  词:
    多动症 认识 干预 策略 课件
    资源描述:

    1、呼伦贝尔市特殊教育研究指导中心徐艳玲Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Throug

    2、h this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 多动症,正式的说法是注意缺陷多动障碍,又称轻微脑损伤综合症

    3、,简称ADHD,是儿童青少年中比较常见的一类典型心理问题。 该问题长期困扰着很多家长和教师。对多动症的很多认识误区,致使贻误了干预孩子的良好时机。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism

    4、sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.1、多动症是精神疾病,所以需要到医院精神科开药才能治疗。2、吃药有副作用,宁可让孩子学习成绩差一些,也不想让孩子吃药吃出问题来。3、还有些家长把实质上是多动症的问题,看成是学习态度或学习习惯问题,对孩子横加斥责等等。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators

    5、 to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 研究表明,多动症是一种常见的发展性精神障碍,患病率3%5%,男生与女生的比率为4:1到9:1。一般7岁前起病,其中50%80%病儿症状可持续到青春期,30%50%病儿症状可延续到成人。该症以注意缺陷、多动、冲动为主要临床表现,逐渐引起学习困难及适应环境不良,甚至导致人格改变与反社会行为。Through this publicity

    6、 campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 例如:成人中做调查,对4所收容所,441名劳教者调查,67.12%有多动症或多动症病史。在

    7、接受劳教的人员中,多动症发病率较普通人群高出9倍。 多动症可以成为杰出人才: 例如:三分之一的多动症患者,30岁以前成为企业家。 世界明星榜上的,画家毕加索、篮球明星乔丹、动画大师迪斯尼、锤子科技公司罗永浩。 他们往往有活泼的个性和过人的天资,而对感兴趣的事物极度狂热,使他们更容易出类拔萃。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safegua

    8、rd the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.1、注意障碍: 注意力短暂,容易因外界干扰而分心,不能自始至终地做完一件事,上课时不能注意听讲,爱做小动作、东张西望等。(有时安静,思想溜号)2、冲动: 多动症儿童自控能力差,情绪不稳定,易激怒、易哭,常发脾气,个性倔强、固执、急躁,表现幼稚。3、活动过多: 多动症儿童常常手脚不停,坐不住、话多、乱跑、乱跳、爬上爬下、不知危险,喜欢扰人、常与同学吵嘴打架

    9、等。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.4、感知觉障碍: 如拿筷子、握笔书写、扣纽扣

    10、、系鞋带、做手工操作等动作笨拙,手-眼协调性差,视运动功能障碍,视听转换障碍,空间位置障碍,左右分辨困难,眼球轻微震颤,阅读时眼球运动不协调,认字时把偏旁相近的字混淆,如6与9、b与p之间区分困难。5、学习困难: 多动症儿童虽然智力正常,但都表现出学习困难,学习成绩地下;有的智力很好,但成绩波动很大。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to sa

    11、feguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 例如:兵兵在妈妈的肚子里时就爱动,出生后比别的孩子更活泼、好动。进幼儿园后兵兵是幼儿班上的活跃分子,喜欢参加幼儿园的各种游戏,但每个游戏都不能坚持到底。兵兵6岁入小学读书,上课经常与同学讲话或学小猫叫、小狗叫,要不就在下面撕纸屑,或将橡皮切成小块放进同学的衣领中。回家做作业拖拖拉拉,一边做一边玩,一会儿要喝水、一会儿要吃东西,每天功课要做到很

    12、晚。如果妈妈在旁边陪读或监督时,情况会好些。到二年级以后,兵兵上课更加听不进去,经常在座位上扭来扭去,双脚不断拍打地面,有时老师还在上课,兵兵已经把自己的课桌搬到了走廊上,严重影响了课堂秩序,学习成绩也一塌糊涂。兵兵是典型的多动症患者。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and

    13、 interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 多动症不仅仅是注意缺陷、过度活动或两者简单的联合,最能概括多动症所影响到的认知功能的机制是执行功能。 执行功能: 是一种复杂的高级认知活动,是指为了达到未来某种目标而维持某种行为以达到预期目标的认知过程。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises

    14、 to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.具体损害:1、任务的激活和组织问题人们的误区: 许多人将冲动和多动行为与注意缺陷障碍联系在一起,认为:患者的冲动和多动影响了他们与人的交流或行动。实际情况: 启动任务困难才是许多注意缺陷综合症患者的一个基本问题。表现为:虽然对一些活动领域里表现冲动,但拖

    15、延才是主要的问题,特别是面对那些本身并不令人感兴趣的任务时。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Develo

    16、pment.这些人: 经常悔恨自己总是拖延重要的任务。知道火烧眉毛,但只有当最后面临严峻后果时,他们才能够使自己充分调动起来,明知道任务必须完成,却不予理睬,直到最后时刻,他们的认知激活方面存在着启动困难问题。 不仅存在于儿童青少年,在成人患者中也普遍存在。患者自诉: 往往知道自己需要、想要和打算去做的任务,但不能让自己启动必要的行动。如:完成作业、总结、完成论文等,总让自己处于“千钧一发”的境地。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterpr

    17、ises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.最好的治疗方法:药物治疗(中枢兴奋药),可以通过调整大脑的神经的化学成分,改善患者启动任务的能力。例如:一位学生提到,一经使用这类药,他便可以用自己非常渴望、却极少尝试的那种方式来对待学习,他说:“药物治疗还使我感到更加喜欢做作业了,现在掏出书本

    18、就可以开始”。例如:有些家长,给孩子高考前服药,学习效率高。不可多服。挑选和分派不同任务次序时遇到困难。(主次不分),这些问题是:最先需要做什么,其次、再次需要做什么,不能将部分联系到全局。“只见树木,不见森林”。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests,

    19、 to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.多动症患者存在着自我组织困难,无论费多大力气尝试,最后还是不能遵照时间安排,尽管在其他事情上非常聪明,但对于自己一天、一周之内,究竟能完成多少任务没有概念。例如:一天制定30项工作,一个月恐也完不成。2、任务的集中、维持和注意转移问题无法将注意力集中于一项任务,以及在一定时间内维持注意在该项任务上。例:如同开车时广播信号很差,很难维持良好的信号状态。(看书、听电话。)患者自诉:为了保持对任务的关注,要经历比正常人辛苦得多的挣扎,甚

    20、至每时每刻都与自己斗争。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.例如:一位高中生说,自己

    21、阅读总是花费很长时间,读一遍不能理解含义,眼睛扫过词语,好像明白了,随后讨论时,脑海里就没有了。只好再返回去读。奇怪的是,读科幻小说就不会遇到这样的问题。另外一种常见的问题焦点是转移困难,如:与多动症患者交谈时,常常在话题已经转移后,他仍然在谈论自己感兴趣的事。(在争论中常见)例:写作中常有这样的问题,考试作文,在一个字词上反复斟酌,力求完美,最后,时间流逝,考试时间到。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help t

    22、ourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.3、警觉水平、维持努力及处理速度问题警觉水平: 例:有些患者会在静坐时昏昏欲睡,几乎睁不开眼睛。(开会、听报告、高速上开车倦怠,不能应付复杂的交通状况)。患者自诉:活动还好,坐着听课就就打瞌睡,其实每天睡得比较早。一旦变得感兴趣的是,马上精神。原因: 安静就坐时困倦与过度疲

    23、劳无关,而与慢性的维持警觉困难有关。他们不能保持警觉,他们需要看到自己的运动、听到自己的声音。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and c

    24、oordinated Development.另一个原因:入睡困难,警觉水平自我调节困难。患者自诉:从小入睡困难,一直不打盹,困眼睛要闭上了,躺在床上脑子安静不下来。听音乐压制,才能睡着;一旦睡着,叫不醒。总结:警觉水平调节问题表现在两方面,一方面,处于兴奋状态时,无法从清醒进入睡眠;另一方面,入睡太深,以至于想要唤醒非常困难。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and o

    25、perators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 维持努力 尽管他们可能对感兴趣的任务有无穷的能量,但当从事需要意志力且不能带来奖励的任务时,往往很快失去干劲。 处理速度 尽管在处理某些任务上速度缓慢,但在其他一些情境中,却难以放慢速度以减少错误。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense

    26、of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.4、挫折和情感的管理问题虽然多动症的诊断标准不包括任何涉及情感的条目,临床医生发现,在管理情感方面存在问题。表现:情感不稳定性,频繁的表现出无聊或受挫、易激怒、勃然大

    27、怒或无法克制兴奋心情。 挫折的耐受性过低,难以经受日常生活的诸多 压力,他们容易体验到“被击败”或“不堪重负”的感觉。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, h

    28、ealthy and coordinated Development.5、工作记忆储存和提取困难例如:许多患者反映了一些比较矛盾的记忆状况。善于回想长时记忆中的经验。比如:轻易回忆早年经历的细节,常常忘记刚说过的话,忘记走进房间要做什么,手里拿着钥匙就忘了放哪儿了。工作记忆对于日常交流对话很重要,个体需要理解别人所说的话并对其进行反应,患者在这些协调运作上有困难。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help touri

    29、sm consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(一)生理因素1、遗传因素:基因2、神经生化学因素:研究表明:与多动症关系最为密切的神经递质为多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素。 多巴胺:是下丘脑和脑垂体腺中的一种关键神经递质,直接影响人们的情绪,作用是传递亢奋和欢愉的信息。3、脑神经因素: 通过神经成像技术发现多动症患者的神经系统解剖和功能

    30、异常。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(二)环境相关因素1、自然环境:特定环境中

    31、的生理变异,如:出生前生产时大脑皮层发育发展、毒素、食物过敏、生产过程中损伤、母亲的不良精神状态、大龄等,还包括一些微量元素的失衡等。2、社会环境:可能造成儿童精神紊乱(包括多动症)相关的因素有:婚姻问题、低的社会阶层、 复杂庞大的家庭结构、父母的犯罪史、母亲的精神紊乱等。如:父母或老师对儿童缺乏理解,采取打骂和侮辱人格的做法均严重影响儿童行为和情绪的发展,导致多动的发生,甚至产生反社会行为。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprise

    32、s to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(三)认知相关因素 大约有80%的多动症患者同时伴有另一种心理障碍。最常见的有强迫症、焦虑症、抑郁症、抽动症、睡眠障碍、语言障碍、学习障碍、拖延症等。Through this publicity campaign, further improve th

    33、e sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 世界卫生组织、美国精神病学会相继出版了诊断标准,我国采用的是中华医学会2001年出版的中国精神障碍分类方案与诊断标准第三版。Through this

    34、 publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(一)症状标准(做好行为观察记录)1、注意障碍 至少有下列4项 学习时容

    35、易分心,听见任何外界声音都要去探望; 上课很不专心听讲,常东张西望或发呆; 做作业拖拉,边做边玩,作业又脏又乱,常漏做或做错; 不注意细节,在做作业或其他活动中常常出现粗心大意的错误; 丢失或特别不爱惜东西,如常把衣服、书本等弄得很脏很乱; 难始终遵守指令,完成家庭作业或家务劳动等。 做事难以持久,常常一件事没做完,又去干别的事; 与他说话时,常常心不在焉,似听非听; 在日常活动中常常丢三落四。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterpris

    36、es to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.2、多动 至少有下列4项: 需要静坐的场合难于静坐或座位上扭来扭去; 上课时常有小动作,或玩东西,或与同学讲悄悄话; 话多,好插嘴,别人问话未完就抢着回答; 十分喧闹,不能安静的玩耍; 难以遵守集体活动的秩序和纪律,如游戏时抢着上场,不能等待; 干扰

    37、他人的活动; 好与小朋友打斗,易于同学发生纠纷,不受同伴欢迎; 容易兴奋和冲动,有一些过火的行为; 在不适当的场合奔跑或登高爬梯,好冒险,易出事故。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism

    38、 sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(二)严重标准 对社会功能,如学业成绩、人际关系等,产生不良影响。根据病情程度分为三级,轻度、中度、重度。 1、轻度 症状少于或稍微超过诊断所需要的条目数,学校、家庭和社会功能没有或仅有轻微伤害。 2、中度 症状和损害介于轻度和重度之间。 3、重度 症状明显超过诊断所需要的条目,学校、家庭和社会功能等有明显且广泛的损害。(三)病程标准 起病于7岁前,多在3岁左右,符合症状标准和严重标准至少已6个月。(四)排除标准 排除精神发育迟滞、广泛发育障碍、情绪障碍。Through this publici

    39、ty campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development. 多动症的临床表现是一些非特异性症状,在很多其他身心障碍中也有可能会出现,因此,做好多动

    40、症的鉴别诊断具有很重要的意义。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Through t

    41、his publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Through this publicity campaign,

    42、further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sens

    43、e of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity

    44、of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises t

    45、o help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.(一)听觉注意力训练(每天训练10分钟,由家长或老师监督训练情况),方法:1、数字传真 训练目的:提高儿童注意的快速性和准确性。 训练方法:根据儿童特点和不同阶段变换任务难度。家长(老师)将下列每个数字读一遍,儿童听完后立即爆出来。例如。家长读“68715”

    46、,儿童听完后说“68715”。 五位数:95217 78453 25986 29016 六位数:109845 287630 274210 089275 七位数: 八位数: (难度逐渐加大)Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure th

    47、at our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.2、倒报数字 训练方法:家长读数字,要求儿童听后立即倒背出来。例如:家长说“302”,儿童说“203”,可从三位数开始,然后四位,也可交替出现。 683 753 018 3862 9217 269 71203、听报词语训练 训练方法:家长读词语,要求儿童听后立即报出来。 例如:老师(家长)说“碧绿的草地”,儿童马上说“碧绿的草地”。 飘扬的国旗 美丽的花朵 骆驼和羊 美丽的家乡 呼伦贝尔我的家乡Through this publicity campaign

    48、, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.4、倒报词语 训练方法:家长读词,要求儿童倒报出来。 照顾 欢乐 生活美好 好味道。5、听字训练 训练方法:家

    49、长(老师)读短文,儿童认真听,当听到一个“一”字,就用笔在纸上打一个“-”。读完后,统计画的“-”和文中的“一”的数量相同。 例如:又是一年夏天到了,一群小伙伴来到一大片草原上,一个个高兴的打着滚,抬头,看见天空飘着一大朵一大朵的白云,远处,草地上开满了野花一大片一大片的。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the sense of business integrity of tourism enterprises to help tourism consumers and operators to safeguard the le

    50、gitimate rights and interests, to ensure that our Citys tourism sustainable, healthy and coordinated Development.6、词语思维 训练方法:1、家长每念一个词语,儿童认真听,当听到电器就马上举起右手。 例如:桌子、椅子、冰箱、洗衣机、手机、篮球、筷子、电风扇、香蕉、句子、被子。 2、家长念词语,儿童听到植物的时候马上举起右手。 例如:书包、铅笔、杨树、大海、工厂、被子、菊花、羽毛球。Through this publicity campaign, further improve the

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