教你写英文论文-PPT课件.ppt

1、Writing for Science JournalsOutline When to Write-Essence of an Article What to Write-Essentials of an Article Preparing to Write Writing-Format Writing-Tips The Review Process Abstract WritingWhen to Write? An article is an article if:It makes a contributionHave I discovered something new? Have I a

2、dvanced the state of the art? Will people want to cite my paper?Avoid the “thin-section” or “LPU” (Least Publishable Unit) approach.The Least Publishable Unit Syndrome( “Quantity not Quality”)1idea4journal papers16extended abstracts64technical reports“Publication pyramid of success” After D.A. Patte

3、rsonWhen to Write? An article is an article if: It makes a contributionHave I discovered something new? Have I advanced the state of the art? Will people want to cite my paper?Avoid the “thin-section” or “LPU” approach.Avoid the “Kitchen Sink” approach (too broad).The results are supported by solid

4、evidenceExperimental, Statistical, etc.Others can replicate the resultsWhat to Write? An article must contain explanations of: Its importance Why you should read this? Needs clear understanding and statement of the research issues in the field. The scientific basis for the work E.g., follows as cons

5、equence of existing theory, understanding of physical processes, etc. Research methodology and experimental design Analysis and results Conclusions (implications)Preparing to Write(Strategic Suggestions) Study the journal Look at back issues Have articles appeared on related topics? Study references

6、 in related articles Look for editorial statements Study length, format, and other requirements in “Instructions to Authors” E.g., Color? Can I afford the page charges?Writing Format General Principle: Make the Editor Happy!If format is rigidly specified, use it!If not, format should follow from ess

7、ence and essentials: AbstractA clear statement of problem, methods, and resultsWriting Format General Principle: Make the Editor Happy! If format is rigidly specified, conform. If not, should follow from essence and essentials: Abstract A clear statement of problem, methods, and results Introduction

8、 Context: Relation of your work to previous, why important (verification), what questions will be addressed Theoretical/Scientific Basis Methodology Results ConclusionsWriting Tips General Principle: Make the Editor Happy! Dont write a mystery novel Avoid the urge to complicate Watch length (too lon

9、g or too short?) Use active voice No: “It is seen in Table 5” Yes: “Table 5 shows” Limit “while” and “since” to appropriate use No: “While others have found” Yes: “Although others have found” Qualify “this” when referring to previous sentences No: “This accounts for” Yes: “This reduction in soil moi

10、sture accounts for”Writing TipsIn selecting a general approach for usability engineering, we first considered the work of Gabbard et al. (1999), which was recommended by Slocum et al. (2001) as potentially appropriate for a broad range of geovisualization applications. Gabbard et al.s approach invol

11、ves four major steps: an analysis of potential user tasks prior to software development, an evaluation of the software by usability experts, having actual users work with a broad range of software functions, and a comparative evaluationWriting TipsReferring to a FigureAs a result, we decided to impl

12、ement the six-step process shown in Figure 2. We began by developing a software prototype largely based on the third authors domain expertise in water balance models and climatology. Because we felt the that resulting software might be biased toward the third authors interests, we asked domain exper

13、ts to evaluate the software in step 2. Our thinking was that the domain experts might suggest a number of tasks that we had not thought of implementingWriting TipsWriting Tips(Tactical Suggestions, Continued)Writing Tips(Tactical Suggestions, Continued) Steps in Manuscript Production:1. Prepare 1-pa

14、ge outline2. Prepare Paragraph Map Pseudo-code: topic sentences, hand-drawn figures and captions, table placeholders3. Write Draft4. Spell and grammar check5. Read out loud6. Repeat (3)-(5)7. Show to colleague(s)8. Repeat (3)-(5)Writing Tips(Tactical Suggestions, Continued) Why Guess? Consult the Ex

15、perts: Robert Weissberg,and Suzanne Buker, Writing Up Research, Prentice Hall, Inc 1990. Strunk and White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1999 Flower, Problem Solving Strategies for Writing, 4th ed.,Heinle, 1997 Tufte, Visual Display of Quantitative Explanation, 2nd Ed., Graphics P

16、ress, 2003 (and other Tufte books) Other articles as templates and examples The Review Process General Principle: Keep the Editor Happy! He/she has invested in you Show timeliness & good-faith effort to follow Understand the Editors role Understand the Reviewers role Know that: Nearly all articles r

17、equire revision, and usually two review cycles Reviewers often want to help Some reviewers seem unkind Some reviewers are unkind Regardless-you can benefitThe Review Process Do not take criticism personally Take criticism and suggestions as a sign of interest (worse can happen) Do your best to follo

18、w reviewer and editor suggestions If you must disagree, explain why (venting doesnt help) Assume the editor wants to be part of the negotiation (seek advice) Describe changes made in a cover letter to editorWhat is success?Number of published articlesNumber of published articles in respected journalsAverage number of citations per articleRespect of your colleaguesWe are fortunate.We are the story-tellers of the scientific age.Our job is exploration and adventure.We must tell the story well.Good Luck!