2016年暨南大学考研专业课试题241基础英语-2016年.doc

1、2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）*学科、专业名称：日语语言文学研究方向：考试科目名称：241基础英语考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。 Part I Cloze (10 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then

2、 mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Culture is a way of life. It is the _1_ within which we exist, think, feel, and relate to others. It is the “glue” that _2_ a group of people together. Culture might also _3_ the ideas, customs, skills, arts, an

3、d tools that characterize a given group of people in a _4_ period of time. But culture is _5_ the sum of its parts. “ It is a system of integrated patterns, most of which remain below the threshold of consciousness, yet all of _6_ govern human behavior just as surely as the manipulated strings of a

4、puppet control its motions” (Condon 1973:4). The fact that no society exists _7_ a culture reflects in human beings. Consider the _8_ host of confusing and contradictory facts and propositions and ideas that present _9_ every day to any human being; some organization of these facts_10_ necessary to

5、provide some order to potential chaos, and _11_ conceptual networks of reality evolve within a group of people for such organization. The mental constructs that enable us thus_12_are a way of life that we call “culture.”Culture establishes _13_ each person a context of cognitive and affective behavi

6、or, a template for personal and social existence. But we _14_ perceive reality within the context of our own culture, a reality that is _15_ defined. The meaningful universe in which each human being _16_ is not a universal reality, but a category of reality _17_ selectively organized features _18_

7、significant by the society in which he lives” (Condon 1973:17). _19_ the opportunities for the world travel in the last several decades have increased markedly, there is still a _20_ for us to believe that our own reality is the “correct” perception.1. A. condition B. context C. continent D. concept

8、2. A. drove B. derives C. binds D. brought3. A. be defined as B. characterize as C. be taught as D. regard as4. A. giving B. gave C. give D. given5. A. more than B. much more about C. much less about D. less than6. A. them B. it C. which D. the system7. A. with B. without C. within D. which 8. A. be

9、wilder B. being bewildered C. bewildered D. bewildering 9. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourselves10. A. are B. is C. been D. be11. A. therefore B. as a result of C. however D. though12. A. survive B. having survived C. surviving D. to survive13. A. of B. for C. about D. at14. A. want B. te

10、nd to C. would like D. are devoted to15. A. empiric B. empirical C. empirically D. empiricism16. A. being existed B. existing C. existed D. exists17. A. consisting of B. making up of C. composing of D. making from18. A. seen B. viewed C. considered D. regarded19. A. Since B. Although C. No matter D.

11、 If20. A. decline B. incline C. tendency D. temptationPart II Reading Comprehension Section A (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should dec

12、ide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Personality is, to large extent, inherent -A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competiti

13、on is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure th

14、eir success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: reme

15、mber that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying:Rejoice, we conquer!By far the worst form of competition in school is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of

16、competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs pers

17、onality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry a

18、nd more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.21. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.A) impatient B) considerate C) aggressive D) agreeable22. Th

19、e author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because _ .A) the pressure is too great on the studentsB) some students are bound to failC) the results of examinations are doubtfulD) failure rates are too high23. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on _.

20、A) candidates sensitivity B) competitive spiritC) academic achievementsD) surer values24. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _. A) the personality of a child is well established at birthB) family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC) B-type characteristics can find

21、no place in competitive societyD) the development of ones personality is due to multiple factors25. The best title for this article is_.A) Cooperation of Inherence and EnvironmentB) Effects of EnvironmentC) Competition in School D) Personality AcquisitionQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following

22、 passage：In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attach

23、ed to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes its a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance.In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly reg

24、arded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away

25、tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not full

26、y responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology, though perhaps he will not complete the sentence. 26. In the sentence “The same meaning is attached to tele

27、phone calls made after 11:00 p.m.”, here “attached” means _.A) takenB) drawnC) givenD) shown27. Supposing one wants to make a telephone call at midnight, this would mean_.A) the matter is less importantB) the matter is somewhat importantC) the matter requires immediate attentionD) it is a matter of

28、life and death28. According to this passage, time plays an important role in _.A) everyday life B) private life C) communication D) transmission29. The best title for this passage is _.A) The Voices of TimeB) The Saving of TimeC) The Importance of an AnnouncementD) Time and Tide Wait for No Man30. W

29、hich one is correct about the meaning of time for Americans according to this text? A) Theres no need to make an explanation if one is late less than five minutes.B) People seldom send invitations three of four days before a party.C) People take the early morning and late night as the most important

30、 periods of a day.D) To arrive a little earlier in a business date is very polite.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they

31、 are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. T

32、he hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines

33、 and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into m

34、otion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments

35、 needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also h

36、ave an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks): in at least a few cases the conti

37、nent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).31. The author believes that _.A) the motion of the

38、plates corresponds to that of the earths interiorB) the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC) the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD) the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart32. That Africa and South America were once j

39、oined can be deduced from the fact that _.A) the two continents are still moving in opposite directionsB) they have been found to share certain geological featuresC) the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD) over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe33. The hot-spot theory

40、 may prove useful in explaining _.A) the structure of the African plates B) the revival of dead volcanoesC) the mobility of the continents D) the formation of new oceans34. The passage is mainly about _.A) the features of volcanic activitiesB) the importance of the theory about drifting platesC) the

41、 significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD) the process of the formation of volcanoes35. Which movement of the two continents is not mentioned in the article?A) Two continents were joined.B) One continent is stationary while the other drifting.C) Two continents move in reverse direction.D) T

42、wo continents move in the same direction.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical t

43、aken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term “substance” is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substance

44、s such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves

45、. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasa