大学英语四六级翻译救命十二大话题.pdf

1、阴阳历与属相传统阳历有 24 个节气，每个节气均为 15 天，第一个节气称为“立春”，通常 2 月 4 日或 5 日为立春。The traditional solar calendar has 24 fifteen-day solar terms24节气, and the first, called Startof Spring, falls on February 4 (or 5).the zodiac year 生肖年fortune telling 算命astrology 星象学五行理论是一种 ZG 哲学，用来描述天下万物之间相生相克的关系。Five Elements Theory is

2、a Chinese philosophy used to describe interactions and relationshipsbetween things.wood, fire, earth, metal, and water 木火土金水the Spring and Autumn Period (770476 BC)春秋时期fengshui 风水martial arts 武术中医认为，每个人的身体都有自然修复的能力，医疗只是这种修复能力的辅助。Traditional Chinese medicine advocates that everyones body has natural

3、healing abilities 自然修复的能力. Medical treatment just offers assistance to those healing abilities 医疗只是这种修复能力的辅助.ZG 的动物生肖每 12 年一轮回， 每年都是一个生肖年并带有该生肖年的特征。 过去人们传统上利用生肖动物来标记年份。The Chinese animal zodiac 生肖, or shengxiao, is a repeating cycle of 12 years12 年一轮回,with each year being represented by an animal an

4、d its reputed attributes 每年都是一个生肖年并带有该生肖的特性. Traditionally these zodiac animals 生肖动物 were used to date theyears.标记年份十二生肖：In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat,Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. Each year is associated with a zodiac animal 生肖. 2018 is theyear of the

5、 Dog 狗年，注意写法.As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”物以稀为贵, so the Ratranks first of the 12 zodiac animals 因此老鼠列 12 生肖之首. It uniquely combines theattributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classifiedas odd (yang) overall. 鼠总体上被归

6、为“阳”Each animal has symbolic meanings 象征意义 given to it by the ancient Chinese. Theseanimal attributes 动物特性 come in six contrasting pairs 分为对比鲜明的六组 that must beharmonized 必须进行调和, like yin and yang, and are the primary factor governing the orderof the zodiac 是属相排序的主要因素.你的生肖、属相根据 ZG 阴历依照你的出生年份确定。Your C

7、hinese Zodiac sign is derived from 源于 your birth year 出生年份, according to theChinese lunar calendar 按照 ZG 阴历.your Chinese zodiac year 生肖年，属相Chinese Zodiac 属相 - the symbolic animals 生肖 associated with each year on a 12-yearcycleface characteristics 看面相palmistry 看手相Chinese astrology 生辰八字 including birt

8、h month, day, and hour, gender, etc.take Chinese zodiac birth sign horoscopes as a general reference 属相算命/运程作为大致参考Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility 属相合不合，是否相冲，冲合出生在某个生肖年/某个属相的人们被认为带有该生肖/属相的特征，这将或帮助或阻碍两人之间的关系。People born in a certain animal year are believed to have attributes of that animal 带有该生肖的特性

9、, which could either help or hinder a relationship.帮助或阻碍两人的关系在古代，人们笃信属相的冲合，经常在确定恋爱关系前参照属相，即便今天有些人依然会参照属相冲合。In ancient times people were faithful to Chinese Zodiac compatibility 笃信属相的冲与合 andoften referred to it before a romantic relationship began 确定恋爱关系前. Even nowadayssome people still refer to it.I

10、ts BAD LUCK When Your Zodiac Year Comes Around! 本命年As the Chinese zodiac recurs every 12 years12 年一轮回, your animal year will come around赶上本命年 when you are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, etc.根据古代 ZG 的迷信说法，本命年会犯太岁，会不走运。本命年趋吉避凶的最好办法就是要穿戴老人或者亲戚送的红色衣物。According to ancient Chinese superstition, in your birth sig

11、n year 本命年, you will offend theGod of Age 犯太岁, and will have bad luck during that year 走霉运. The best way to avoidbad luck during this year is by wearing something red 穿戴红色衣物 given by an elder(relative), such as socks, a neck cord 颈围, underwear, a waistband 腰带, a bracelet 手镯, oran anklet.脚镯a lunisola

12、r calendar 阴阳合历choose a lucky day 选定良辰吉日marriage proposal 订婚wedding 结婚pray for pregnancy 求子Leap Years 闰年ZG 历有 12 个月份，但每逢闰年时要添加一个月，因此，ZG 历的闰年有 13 个月，这与公历闰年不同，后者每逢闰年添加一天。The Chinese calendar features 12 months 有 12 个月份. However, an extra month is insertedin the calendar when a leap year occurs 每逢闰年时要添

13、加一个月. Therefore, leap years inthe Chinese calendar have 13 months, unlike leap years in the Gregorian calendar 公历 inwhich an extra day is included 添加一天.ZG 历的起源口译追溯到公元前 14 世纪， 商朝的甲骨文为阴阳合历的存在提供了证据， 这种历法经过了很大改变，但一直延续至今。The Chinese calendars origins can be traced as far back as 追溯到 the 14th century BCE.

14、 TheShang oracle bones 甲骨文give evidence of a lunisolar calendar which has been muchmodified but persists to this day 延续至今.天干地支 Heavenly Stems & Earthly Branches占卜 horoscopesThe calendar has a very long history going back to the Xia 追溯到It is also referred to as the Lunar, Yin, Xia or the old Chinese

15、calendar.阴历、夏历或老黄历With the founding of the Republic of C in 1912, the Gregorian calendar was brought into use开始使用公历.尽管藏族和傣族等少数民族有自己的历法，但从本质上来讲都与汉族的历法相似。Although ethnic groups such as Tibet and Dai have their own calendars, in essence 本质上来讲 they resemble that of the Han people 与汉族的很相似.Each time the m

16、oon moves into line with the earth and the sun a new month begins and thisis called Chu Yi初一 or Shuo Ri (the first day of a lunar month)朔日. The longest day of ayear or Summer Solstice 夏至 falls on 在哪一天 the 21st or 22nd of June, and the shortestday is the Winter Solstice 冬至 on either December 21, 22,

17、or 23.The month with its first day nearest the Beginning of Spring (the first solar term)立春 is thefirst lunar month, and on that day the Spring Festival is held 春节 and this varies 不固定，介于之间 between January 20th and February 20th.In C, there are public holidays 公休假日 on 7 legal festivals 法定节日 in a year

18、, namely NewYears Day 元旦, Chinese New Year (Spring Festival)春节, Qingming Festival 清明节, May Day五一劳动节, Dragon Boat Festival 端午节, Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节, and National Day 国庆节.五四青年节 Youth Day六一儿童节 Childrens Day八一建军节 Army Day of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army有半天假 Women have half day off on Womens D

19、ay.Young people over 14 years of age have a half day off on Youth Day. Children under 14years old have a day off on Childrens Day.现役军人 Active members of the army have a half-day off on Army Day.植树节 Arbor Day教师节 Teachers Day贵州介绍回顾历史，两千多年前，穿越云贵高原的“南方丝绸之路”、 “茶马古道”，将产自 ZG 的丝绸、茶叶源源不断运往南亚大陆，成为当时 ZG 同世界互联互

20、通的重要通道。Two thousand years ago, the “Southern Silk Road” and the “Ancient Tea-Horse Trail” on theYunnan-Guizhou Plateau were important routes connecting C with the rest of the world. Viathese routes, Chinese silk and tea found their way into South Asian subcontinent.今天的贵州，依然是 ZG 的“一方宝地”。近年来，贵州依托“一带一路

21、”连接线的区位优势，成为 ZG 新一轮改革开放的排头兵，走出了一条民族团结、生态优先、创新发展的新路。我认为，贵州之“贵”，集中体现在以下四个方面：Today, this “precious province” is leveraging its strategic location on the Belt and Roadroutes. It has become a pioneer in Cs new round of reform and opening up. It is wheredifferent ethnic groups live in harmony. It gives pr

22、iority to the preservation of theeco-system.And its development is driven by innovation.Let me give you four reasons why Guizhou is “precious”:首先，贵州是改革开放的缩影。推动区域协调发展，是 ZG 深化改革、扩大开放的重要目标之一。First, Guizhou is an epitome of Cs reform and opening up.An important goal of deeper reform and further opening-

23、up in C is promoting coordinateddevelopment between different regions. Guizhous achievements testify to the attainment ofthis goal.随着 ZG 全方位对外开放和“一带一路”建设向纵深发展， 贵州独特优势和发展潜能不断释放。As C opens up on all fronts and deepens the Belt and Road development, Guizhou isshowing unique strengths and huge potential

24、.近年来，贵州综合实力显著提升，经济增速连续 5 年位居 ZG 第二，2017 年居全国第一位，GDP 增速达 10.2%。In recent years, Guizhou has significantly improved its comprehensive strengths. It had beenone of the top two fastest-growing provinces in C for five years in a row. And in 2017 it ledthe country in GDP growth rate with an increase of 10

25、.2%.第二，贵州是精准扶贫的典范。Second, Guizhou is a model for targeted poverty alleviation.作为 ZG 脱贫攻坚战的主战场，贵州实施“大扶贫战略行动”，创新精准扶贫机制和举措，脱贫成效位居 ZG 各省前列。Guizhou is the main battlefield in Cs fight against poverty. To winthis battle, Guizhou has launched a massive strategic plan to reduce poverty. This includesnew mec

26、hanisms and measures to achieve targeted poverty alleviation. The result isencouraging. Guizhou has become one of the most successful provinces in povertyreduction.第三，贵州是民族团结的样板。Third, Guizhou is an exemplar of ethnic unity.贵州是多民族聚居省份，有 18 个世居民族，少数民族占全省人口 36%，民族自治地方占全省面积 55%。This province is home to

27、 18 ethnic groups who have lived here for generations.Ethnic minorities account for 36% of the total population. And 55% of the localities enjoyethnic autonomy.贵州各民族团结协作、和谐共处、融合发展，形成了“各美其美，美美与共”的良好发展格局。The various ethnic groups in Guizhou respect the traditions of each other while maintainingtheir o

28、wn. They live in harmony and work together for integrated development.“一滴水可以反映出太阳的光辉，一个地方可以体现一个国家的风貌”。Just as the sunshine isreflected in a drop of water, a country can be epitomized by the work of a province.贵州就是这样一个致力开放合作、闪耀璀璨光芒的宝地，就是不断发展进步新时代 ZG 的缩影。Guizhou is such a province. It is committed to

29、opening up and cooperation. It is a fineexample of C that is making constant progress in the new era.少数民族介绍a Tai L autonomous prefecture 傣族自治州in the extreme south of Yunnan, China 中国云南最南端The prefectural seat 州府 is Jinghong, the largest settlement 最大的聚居区 in the area andone that straddles the Mekong 横

30、跨湄公河, called the Lancang River in Chinese.中文名为澜沧江It is noted for its distinct culture, unlike that of the Han Chinese 以独具特色的文化闻名， 与汉族文化不同.The people, architecture, language, and culture more similarly resemble 与。 。 。 更相近 that ofthe Shan peoples, Tai peoples, which includes the Thai and Lao.intermarr

31、iage between the ethnic groups 民族间通婚State-owned rubber plantations 国有橡胶种植园 accounted for most of the regions wealthduring the early PRC period.在。 。 。早期an influx of educated youth during the Down to the Countryside Movement 上山下乡运动期间知青的大量涌入be restored to their original purpose 恢复原来的功用The prefecture ha

32、s an area of 面积为。 。 。19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi).Xishuangbanna is the home of the Dai people 是傣族的家园. The region sits at a loweraltitude than most of Yunnan 海拔比。 。 。低, and borders closely on tropical climate 接近热带气候. It is fast becoming a sought after tourist destination.正快速发展成为一个热点旅游目的地，趋之若鹜的。 。 。Xishua

33、ngbanna harbors much of the biodiversity of Yunnan 云南大部分生物物种在版纳,which harbors much of the biodiversity of China 中国大部分生物物种在云南.Its tropical climate and its remoteness until recent times accounts for this 这主要得益于其所处的热带气候和近现代以前的偏远位置.In addition to an abundance of plants 除了拥有丰富的植物物种外,Xishuangbanna is home

34、 to 还有， 是。 。 。 生活的地方 the last few Asian elephants still in China;the species roamed over a large part of the country even as late as a few hundred years ago就在几百年前还生活在该国的大片地区.The elephants are protected in a reserve,自然保护区 but the plant diversity 植物多样性 isthreatened by受到。 。 。 威胁, and has for five decad

35、es been threatened by, the proliferation of大量扩张，增加 natural rubber plantations which completely destroy the rainforest andreplace it with a monoculture of 单种栽培 trees originally from Brazil.With censuses 人口普查 in the year 2000 Xishuangbanna had 993,397 inhabitants 有多少居民 with a population density 人口密度 o

36、f 50.43 inhabitants per km.According to the 2000 national census, Dai people make up the plurality at 29.89%傣族在多民族人口中占比。 。, with the Han Chinese coming in at a close second at 29.11%汉族紧随其后，占比。 。 。At the time of the 1977 census, however, Han people made up the largest single ethnicgroup in Xishuangba

37、nna, making up 占比 36.53% of a population of 627,089 在。 。 。的总人口中, while the Dai made up 33.15%, and others 30.32%.The Xishuangbanna government has strived to maintain this ethnic balance 努力保持民族平衡 of around 33% of each group: Han, Dai, and other; this policy is known as 被称作 theplan of three-three-thre

38、e (三三三计划, sn-sn-sn jhu)Before the increasing social mobility 社会流动性增加 of the 1940s,The Han and Dai lived mostly around the mountains and played a socially dominant role 在社会中发挥主导作用, while the non-Dai ethnic minorities 非傣少数民族 lived in the basinsand were politically disenfranchised 被剥夺政治权力.the bai part

39、was written with the dog radical (犭). 犬字旁Historically, some ethnic minorities adapted some Dai characteristics in order to alleviatediscrimination and increase their social status, such as the Blang people adopting the sarong,practicing matrilocal residence 从妻居，上门婚, and learning the Tai Tham alphabe

40、t.the most highly regarded Pu-erh tea 最负盛名的普洱茶Xishuangbanna is rich in 拥有丰富的。 。 。 natural, historical and cultural resources, noted forits folklore,民俗 rain forests, rare plants and wildlife.稀有的动植物物种Its major tourist attractions 主要旅游景点fly Kongming Lamps 放孔明灯瑶族 The Yao ethnic group has a population of

41、 over 2.6 million 拥有人口, and mainlyinhabit in 主要居住在 Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Jiangxi Provinces.Most of the Yao people 瑶族人民 are farmers living together in small groups 形成小聚居区distributed widely throughout the mountainous areas. 人口在山区广泛分布壮族 The Zhuang ethnic group has its own langu

42、age, which is generally divided into northernand southern dialects 大致分为北方和南方方言. In 1953, the Chinese Government launcheda new language system of Zhuang characters 壮语文字 based on Latin alphabet 拉丁字母,but it was not widely used.使用并不广泛 Most people use Han-Chinese characters.使用汉字Rice and corn are abundant

43、ly grown 大量种植 in Zhuang areas, and thus become the staplefood for Zhuang people 成为主 食. Daily consumed vegetables 日常消 费的蔬菜arenumerous, and are boiled into soup, or stir-fired. Zhuang people basically eat all kinds ofmeat. Meat and vegetables are cooked medium well 肉和蔬菜八成熟, which is believed toretain

44、the fresh tasting 保留新鲜口感 of the materials. Home-made pickles 自制腌菜 arealso popular because of peoples preference for sour and spicy flavors 因为人们喜欢酸辣口味.Home-made rice wine 自制米酒 is served for festivals and entertaining guests.在节庆或宴请客人时饮用 Rice wine is mild 口感温和 and contains low amount of alcohol 酒精度数低.F

45、ive-colored glutinous rice is served during Tomb-Sweeping Day 清明节(April 4 - 6) andSinging Festival 壮族歌节 (March 3 on lunar calendar 阴历三月三). People use the saps offive different plants to soak and color 浸泡并着色 the glutinous rice, till the rice takes on fivecolors (black, red, yellow, purple and white),

46、 and then steam the rice. The finished rice iscolorful, fragrant and nutritious. 色彩斑斓、香气扑鼻、营养丰富Zhuang people like to inhabit on valley lands 住在谷地surrounded by mountains andwaters 有山水环绕. The house faade 正面 faces the farmland 对着农田, and is well-lighted采光很好 with a broad view.视野开阔 Houses are wooden,木制房屋

47、tile-roofed,瓦房 orthatched 茅 屋 , built in Ganlan style (constructed on pilings rather than entirely on theground). Ganlan is also called Diaojiaolou (wooden houses projecting over the water 突出于水面之上的木制房屋). Some other ethnic groups in South C, such as Zhuang, Dong, Miaoand Yao ethnic groups also share

48、this house style.The house is usually two-storied 通常为两层. The lower story consists of pilings 桩基 thatsupport the house 支撑房屋, and bamboos, wood boards are filled between the pilings toform a wall for keeping livestock, storing farm tools, firewood or other sundries 楼下安置石碓，堆放柴草杂物，饲养牲畜. Family members l

49、ive on the upper story 楼上住人, which isdivided into 3 or 5 rooms.20. 服饰和手工艺品 Costumes and HandicraftsTraditional costumes are worn 穿 着 传统 服 装in ethnic areas or for special occasions.Dexterous 心灵手巧的 Zhuang women use hand-woven fabric 手织布 to make clothes ofvarious styles.制作各种服饰Usually girls wear a blue-

50、and-black collarless jacket 无领上衣 with bright fur below, baggytrousers 宽松长裤 or Batik skirt 蜡染裙子, and a delicately embroidered apron 带有精美刺绣的围裙is fastened on the waist 系在腰上. For boys, they are dressed in 穿着blackfront-opening coat 前开襟上衣 with cloth-wrapped buttons, and wear a belt on the waist.Zhuang peo