2020年宁波大学考研专业课试题244(英语(二外)).doc
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1、宁波大学2020年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A卷) (答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码: 244总分值: 100科目名称:英语(二外)Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part, you are required to read the given passage carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the table. Each word is allowed to be used
2、only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet. Passage OnewhatwhyhowthatasbutalthoughoncethoughifHave you ever heard of a condition known as “general paresis
3、(麻痹性痴呆)of the insane”? Probably not. In the 19th century general paresis was one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders. Its symptoms included odd social behaviors, impaired judgment, depressed mood and difficulty concentrating. Around the turn of the 20th century, 1 , we figured 2 it reall
4、y wasa form of late-stage syphilis(梅毒)infecting the brain and disrupting its function. A few decades later we discovered a highly effective treatment: penicillin.3 general paresis is now very rare, its example is still instructive. Any honest researcher will tell you we dont currently have good expl
5、anations for most mental disorders. Depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia(精神分裂症) we dont really know how these patterns of disrupted thought, behavior and emotion develop or 4 they stick around.Yet the hope remains 5 , much like with general paresis, we may soon discover the root
6、causes of these illnesses, and this knowledge may tell us 6 to treat them. An example of this hope can be seen in the popular notion that a “chemical imbalance” causes depression. This might turn out to be true, 7 the truth is we dont know.Some researchers are starting to think that for many mental
7、disorders, such hope might be based on incorrect assumptions. Instead of having one root cause, 8 general paresis did, mental disorders might be caused by many mechanisms acting together. These mechanisms might be situated in the brain, but they could also be located in the body and even in the exte
8、rnal environment, interacting with one another in a network to create the patterns of distress and dysfunction we currently recognize and label as varieties of mental illness. In this more complex view, patterns such as depression and generalized anxiety arise as tendencies in the human brain-body-e
9、nvironment system. 9 the patterns are established, they are hard to change because the network continues to maintain them. 10 the causal structures of many mental disorders are complex, how should we seek to illuminate them? I think recognizing the complexity should push us to rethink how mental ill
10、ness is studied.Passage TwofiguresregularlyvarietyhorrificclaiminclusiveposeaspirecontributioninsultThe last few years have seen the rise of a thought-provoking civic discourse on who we as a society should publicly honor, resulting in (among other things) the removal of statues from parks (includin
11、g statues of scientists) and the renaming of schools. Though bad-faith critics 11 that such actions are about “erasing history,” theyre really about a simple question: which 12 from our history and culture represent values to which we should all 13 and which do not? So far, these important discussio
12、ns have largely not reached a scientific discipline whose practitioners 14 make the choice of which people to publicly honor: taxonomy(分类学).Taxonomists may name a newly-described species after a person for a(n) 15 of reasons, including recognizing that persons role in discovering that species, ackno
13、wledging someone for a longstanding 16 to their field or showing respect to someone unrelated to the field but who the scientist personally likes. There are also scientists who auction off species naming rights to fund their science, and even those who name species after people to 17 them. Though so
14、me taxonomists may dispute this characterization, in many cases naming a species after someone is choosing to publicly honor that personit is certainly widely perceived that way.Im no taxonomist, but as a member of my professional societys equity and diversity committee, my colleagues and I spend a
15、lot of time discussing changes we can make to the day to day operations of scientific research that will help make academia more 18 , welcoming, and just. To that end, I 19 the following questions: should scientists be publicly honoring people who have committed human rights violations or other 20 c
16、rimes? And what can and should be done about species already named after such monsters?Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choice
17、s given in a word bank following the passage. Youre your choices by writing down the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet. For years the prevailing wisdom on how immigrants fare in the labor market has been based on the notion that assimilation is the key, even determining factor. Drawing mainly
18、 on 1970 Census data, studies concluded that while earnings of new immigrants were lower than those of comparably situated native worker, earnings of immigrants who had been here for more than a decade 1 those of native workers of the same age, education and so on. The assumption was that as immigra
19、nts 2 language and work skills, their earnings grew. Now some economists dispute this conclusion. The positive 3 of assimilation is so small that there is little chance the 4 immigrant will ever catch up with the native workers. The 1970 Census was the first in 30 years to ask individuals when they
20、had arrived in the United States. When comparable data from the l980 Census became 5 , researchers could then track the progress of immigrants who arrived at different times. It was found that most recently arrived Hispanic immigrants exhibit lower earnings and higher 6 rates than earlier Hispanic i
21、mmigrants. There was one major exception. More recent Mexican immigrants had 7 higher employment rates but lower earnings than the earlier group. This is because the population of recent immigrants included many illegal aliens who would accept low paying jobs.What seems most 8 is that the immigrants
22、 who arrived prior to 1964 are fundamentally different from those who arrived later. Immigration laws were changed in 1964, and the immigrants who arrived under the earlier law were 9 entry largely because of their 10 . Those who came after 1964 were admitted because they had close relatives in the
23、country. The performance discrepancies seem to hold true across the board.It seems like a very simple notion, but until recently, nobody was raising it. In every plain term different waves of immigrants are different. A.effectI.unemploymentB.improvedJ.strikingC.availableK.skillsD.substantiallyL.gain
24、edE.comparedM.graduallyF.exceededN.promisingG.depressionO.averageH.permittedSection B (30 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
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