网络协议工程之协议设计概述(ppt 35页).ppt
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1、第 2 章 协议设计 (1-协议模型),2,内容提要,协议设计概述,1,协议模型,2,3,协议设计概述,协议设计的含义? 协议设计是是一件很困难的事情 Example: Clayton Tunnel Protocol Example: 蓝军与白军作战问题,4,协议例子,England, 1841, William Cooke Telegraph(电报) instead of Optical telegraph for Railway Tunnel Protection, 节省成本(只需1/10)和提高速度。 Purpose: avoid that more than one train is
2、in the tunnel at the same time Firstly used on several lines of the Great Western Railways in England.,5,电报(Telegraph),基本原理,1753,C.M给Scots杂志的信中描述了一个使用一些平行电线来通信的电子电报。 1830,英国Michael Faraday和美国Joseph Henry发现了电磁感应 1837,William Cooke利用电流来使处在接收端磁场中的罗盘指针发生偏转,从而得到信号。 1837年6月12日,第一个电报系统的专利,“五磁针信号系统”。 1842年,
3、Cooke“火车可以无所畏惧地行驶,而无论其时间是否正确,也不管其是否在正确的轨道上,因为在使用该系统后,其速率总可以及时地降下来,从而避免碰撞”,6,协议例子,England, 1841, William Cooke Telegraph(电报) instead of Optical telegraph for Railway Tunnel Protection, 节省成本(只需1/10)和提高速度。 Purpose: avoid that more than one train is in the tunnel at the same time Firstly used on several
4、 lines of the Great Western Railways in England.,7,协议例子,semaphores with block-interval system(空闲/阻塞信号系统),turn to red automatically as a train passes,set to green by hand afterwards,signalmen on both ends linked by telegraphic line,malfunction of block-interval system signalled by a bell,red and whit
5、e flags to replace malfunctioning semaphore,8,协议例子:报文(Messages),Message: TT: Train in Tunnel TF: Tunnel is Free TL: Has the Train left the Tunnel?,9,协议例子:差错控制,Error Free Functioning train enters tunnel, signalman A sends TT to B train leaves the tunnel, B sends TF to A A sets semaphore to green by h
6、and Under Error Situation train enters tunnel, A sends TT to B bell rings, A shows red flag to next train train leaves the tunnel, B sends TF to A A shows white flag to next train,10,协议例子:事故(Accident),One day in August 1861 at Clayton Tunnel. train-1 enters tunnel, block-interval system fails(fails
7、to set the signal to red), so the bell warns signalman A, then A sends TT to B, then fetches the red flag to warn the next train. train-2 comes too fast, and could not stop in time, has already passed the green signal. Fortunately, its driver catches a glimpse of the red flag just in time as he ente
8、rs the tunnel. train-3 sees the red flag and stops before the tunnel entrance.,11,协议例子:事故(Accident),A sends another TT to B (for train-2) B does not understand second TT(because the protocol did not account for this event so the meaning of two sbusequent TT had not been specified.) A sends TL (has t
9、he train left the tunnel?)to B B sees train-1 and sends TF,12,协议例子:事故(Accident),A thinks train-2 left the tunnel and shows white flag to train-3 train-2 had seen red flag before, is afraid and tries to return to position A After some deliberation.,13,协议例子:事故(Accident),Result train-3 and train-2 cras
10、hed: 21 people died and 176 got injured The set of instructions given to the signalmen was incomplete, which leads to the accident,14,协议例子:Lessons,A historian of railway disasters(Nock, 1967 ): “One can almost hear the same comment being made time after time.I could not imagine that could ever happe
11、n. Yet bitter experience showed that it could, and gradually the regulations and railway engineering practice were elaborated.” Protocol: Use Under normal circumstances and that allowed for a safe recovery from unexpected events.,15,协议例子:Lessons (Cont.),even the most simple protocols may contain err
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