Unit 4 Space Exploration 重难点讲解-（2021新）人教版高中英语必修第三册高一下学期.docx

1、一 Listening and Speaking 1. be curious about对感到好奇be curious to do 很想做某事例句(1)People gathered round，curious to know what is happening.人们聚拢过来，很想知道发生了什么事情。(2)They were very curious about the people who lived upstairs.他们对住在楼上的人非常好奇。2. be related to与有联系表示“与有关”的其他短语：(1)have something to do with(2)be involv

2、ed in(3)be connected with (4)in connection with例句(1)Light industry is closely related to agriculture.轻工业和农业密切相关。(2)I am writing to you in connection with your recent job application.我写此信与你最近求职一事有关。二 Reading and Thinking 1. determinedadj.有决心的；意志坚定的(1)determine从句 决定determine to do sth. 决定做某事(强调动作)dete

3、rmine on/upon (doing) sth. 就(做)某事做出决定(2)determined adj.有决心的；坚决的be determined to do sth. 决心做某事(强调状态)(3)determination n.决心例句(1)She determined to work twice as hard as before to make up for the lost time.她决心加倍努力工作以弥补失去的时间。(2)I have determined on/upon working as a volunteer teacher in the countryside af

4、ter graduation.我已决定毕业后到农村支教。(3)With determination，Im sure I can overcome whatever hardships and dangers I may meet with.有了决心，我相信我能克服我可能遇到的任何困难和危险。(4)The determined look in their eyes told us that nothing could make them change their minds.他们坚定的眼神告诉我们什么也不能使他们改变主意。注意be determined (not) to do sth.表示状态，

5、是一种延续状态，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，而determine to do sth.表示动作，不能与表时间段的状语连用。类似用法的单词还有prepare for(表动作)be prepare for(表状态)worry about(表动作)be worried about(表状态)2. .on 12 April 1961，Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.1961年4月12日，尤里加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。句中不定式短语 to go into space作后置定语，修饰 the f

6、irst person。不定式作后置定语的用法：(1)当被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语。(2)抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，courage，opportunity，wish 等后常用不定式作定语。(3)被修饰词前有the only，the very，the next 等词时。(4)表示将要发生的动作时。例句(1)Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.妇女和儿童首先乘坐救生船。(2)I dont trust his promise to c

7、ome for a visit.我不相信他来访的诺言。(3)He said he had no plans to go abroad.他说他没有出国的计划。(4)The next thing to do is to keep the machine on for five minutes.接下来要做的是让机器开五分钟。(5)He is the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。(6)The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。3. Over eight years later，on 20 July

8、 1969，American astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon，famously saying，“Thats one small step for a man，one giant leap for mankind.”八年后的1969年7月20日，美国宇航员尼尔阿姆斯特朗登上月球，他说：“这对一个人来说是一小步，对人类来说是一大步。”本句中“famously saying，Thats one small step for a man，one giant leap for mankind.”是现在分词作伴随状语，和句中主语American

9、 astronaut Neil Armstrong在逻辑上是主谓关系，和句中谓语动词stepped同时发生，即表示主动进行的动作。现在分词在句中作状语的用法：(1)现在分词(短语)作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式、伴随等，其逻辑主语要和句子主语保持一致，且分词(短语)与句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系。(2)当现在分词(短语)的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前时，要用现在分词的完成时 having done。(3)作状语的分词(短语)相当于一个状语从句。例句(1)Seeing those pictures，she remembered her childhood.看到那些画，她想起了自己

10、的童年。(2)A number of new machines were installed in the factory，thus resulting in an increase in production.这家工厂安装了许多新机器，因而增加了生产。(3)Having finished her homework，the little girl began to watch TV.做完作业后，这个小女孩开始看电视。(4)Working hard (If you work hard)，you will succeed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。4. transmitvt.&vi.传输；发送(

11、1)transmit sth. (from).to 把某物(从)传到(2)transmitter n.发射台；传播者(3)transmission n.传播；发射例句(1)The ceremony was transmitted live by satellite to over 50 countries.典礼通过卫星向50多个国家进行了实况转播。(2)We can receive the signals transmitted from a satellite in space.我们可以接收通过太空的卫星传送的信号。(3)Its generally believed that school

12、are transmitters or moral values.人们普遍认为学校是道德价值观的传播者。(4)The transmission of the disease has been controlled now.疾病的传播现在已得到控制。5. disappointedadj.失望的；沮丧的(1)(be) disappointed at/about/with 对感到失望(2)(be) disappointed to do sth 对做某事感到失望(3)(be) disappointed that从句 对感到失望(4)to ones disappointment 令人失望的是例句(1)I

13、 am afraid you are very disappointed with/at/about my bike.恐怕你对我的车非常不满意吧。(2)We were disappointed to find the museum closed.看到博物馆已经关门，我们感到很沮丧。(3)His failure in the exam disappointed his parents.他考试不及格令他的父母感到失望。(4)To our disappointment，her best friend didnt come to her birthday party.令我们感到失望的是，她最好的朋友没

14、有参加她的生日晚会。6. desiren渴望；欲望vt.渴望；期望(1)have a strong desire to do sth. 迫切想要做某事have a strong desire for sth. 急于想得到某物(2)desire to do sth. 渴望做某事desire sb.to do sth. 想要某人做某事desire that.(should) do sth. 渴望(3)desirable adj.想要的；可取的；值得拥有的例句(1)Even so，she impressed the world with her courage and strong desire t

15、o succeed.即使如此，她的勇气和对成功的强烈渴望令世人印象深刻。(2)I desire that these letters should be burned after I leave.我期望我走了以后把这些信件都烧掉。(3)He always had a strong desire to learn how to fly.他总是强烈渴望着学习飞行。注意desire不用于进行时态。意为“期望”时，后接宾语从句，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。另外，含desire的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。7. This is because

16、 people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks.这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。此句为主从复合句，because引导表语从句，句式结构为This/That was/is because.(1)This/That is because.意为“这/那是因为”，用来表示原因(2)This/That is why.意为“这/那是为什么”，用来表示结果(3)The reason why.is that.意为“的原因就是”，why引导定语从句，that引

17、导表语从句例句(1)He was late for school. This was because his bike was broken.他上学迟到是因为自行车坏了。(2)The reason why he was disappointed was that he failed in the exam.他失望的原因是他考试失败。(3)He got up late，and this is why he missed the first bus this morning.他起晚了，这就是他为什么没赶上第一班车的原因。8. carry on继续做；坚持干be/get carried away 变

18、得很激动；失去自制力carry out 实施；执行carry through 度过难关；完成例句(1)Her bravery has given him the will to carry on with his life and his work.她的勇气激发了他继续生活和工作的意愿。(2)He is a man who is not likely to be carried away with pride.他不是一个因骄傲丧失理智的人。(3)The attack is believed to have been carried out during the early morning ho

19、urs.据信进攻是在清晨时发起的。9. on board在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上(1)board vt.&vi.上船/车/飞机等(2)aboard adv.&prep.上船/飞机/车；在船/飞机/车上go aboard the ship/the plane/the trainboard the ship/the plane/the train 上船/飞机/火车等(3)abroad adj.国外的go abroad 出国home and abroad 国内外例句(1)All the people on board were killed in the accident.船上所有的人在这次事

20、故中都丧生了。(2)Please board the train immediately.Please go aboard the train right away.请马上上车。(3)Please pay attention to the news from home and abroad请关注来自国内外的新闻。(4)The plane is taking off. All aboard，please.飞机就要起飞了，请大家上飞机。10. independentlyadv.独立地；自立地(1)be independent of 独立于；不受约束(2)independence n.独立；自主ga

21、in independence (from) (脱离)获得独立(3)dependent adj.依靠的，依赖的be dependent on 依靠，依赖depend on(rely on) 依靠，依赖例句(1)It was the first time that he had lived independently.那是她第一次独立生活。(2)The police force should be independent of direct government control.警方应该不受政府的直接控制。(3)The country gained full independence from

22、Britain in 1960，when people couldnt hide their excitement.这个国家在1960年完全独立于英国，当时人们无法掩饰他们的激动之情。(4)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent亚历克斯是家里最小的孩子，他总是渴望能够独立的那一天。(5)When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weath

23、er.航班什么时候起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。11. signalvt.& vi.标志着；标明；发信号 n信号；标志(1)a signal for sb to do sth 一个让某人做某事的信号(2)signal to sb to do sth 向某人示意做某事例句(1)When I put my finger to my lips，its a signal for you to be quiet.当我把手指放在嘴唇上时，那是让你们安静的信号。(2)The police signaled the traffic to move forward slowly.警察向来往车辆打信号，示意缓慢前行

24、。(3)Timoteo has an unusual jobhe is a human traffic signal.标志(4)This was a signal for him to continue.信号(5)Mandy started after him，signaling to Jesse to follow.示意(6)This announcement signalled/signaled a clear change of policy.标志着辨析signal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号symbol指象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物sign普通用词，指人们公认的事物的标志，也可指某

25、种情况的征兆mark普通用词，含义广泛。既可指为便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于其他事物的特征12. Despite the difficulties，scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began，but also help us survive well into the future.尽管困难重重，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源，而且帮助我们更好地进入未来。not only.but also.结构表示“不但

26、/仅而且”，通常可以连接两个并列的谓语、宾语、表语、状语等，还可以连接两个并列的句子(1)not only A but also BB as well as A(2)not only.but also.连接两个分句时，若not only位于句首，not only所在的分句要部分倒装，but also后面的分句不倒装(3)not only.but also.连接并列主语时，遵守“就近原则”(4)not only只能连用，而but also既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略例句(1)He works not only on weekdays but also on weekends as we

27、ll.他不仅平时工作，周末也工作。(2)Franklin was considered not only an inventor，but also a statesman.富兰克林不仅被看作发明家而且也是一名政治家。(3)Classic works not only offer you joy and excitement，but also encourage you to think critically.古典名著不仅带给你快乐和刺激，还鼓励你批判性地思考。(4)Futuroscope is not only for individuals，but is also the perfect m

28、ix of fun and learning for class outings.观测未来主题公园不仅仅适合个人(旅游)，也适合学生全班出游，因为它是娱乐与学习的完美结合。三 Listening and Talking 1. lackn缺乏；短缺vt.没有；缺乏(1)lack sth. 缺少某物(2)a lack of. 的缺乏for lack of. 因缺乏have no lack of. 不缺乏(3)lacking adj.短缺的；缺乏的be lacking in 缺乏；缺少例句(1)She showed a lack of humour.她缺乏幽默感。(2)The crops all d

29、ied for lack of water.庄稼因为缺水都死了。(3)He didnt go there because he lacked courage.他没去那里，因为他缺乏勇气。(4)Though lacking money，he sent his son to college.尽管缺钱，他还是送儿子上了大学。2. facilityn设施；场所sports/leisure facilities 体育/消闲设施conference facilities 会议设施shopping/banking/cooking facilities 商店/银行设施/炊事设备例句(1)The hotel h

30、as special facilities for welcoming disabled people.这家旅馆有专供残疾人使用的设施。(2)A pet care facility is located outside our front gate on the south side for a daily fee.宠物护理中心位于我们南边的大门外，每天收费。3. keenadj.热衷的；渴望的；强烈的；浓烈的；灵敏的be keen on detective stories 对侦探故事入迷be keen about going to picnic 很想去野餐have a keen intere

31、st in music 对音乐有强烈兴趣例句(1)We are keen that our school should get involved too.渴望的(2)He took a keen interest in his grandsons education.强烈的(3)Though advanced in years，he has a keen sense of hearing.灵敏的(4)I am not very keen on detective stories.热衷的Grammar不定式作定语和状语不定式由“to动词原形”构成，有时to可以省略，其否定形式是“not to d

32、o”。不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、语态的变化。不定式不能作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和补语。本单元主要讲述不定式作定语和状语的用法。1动词不定式的形式形式主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing2.句式功能(1)动词不定式作定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。注意(1)不定式作定语需要后置。(2)作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着三种主要的逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语(逻辑上的主谓关系

33、)或逻辑宾语(逻辑上的动宾关系)或修饰性关系(同位关系)。动宾关系：I have a lot of work to do我有很多工作要做。Give me a piece of paper to write on给我一张纸写字。主谓关系：Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboat妇女和儿童是第一个登上救生艇的。修饰性关系：不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象，它所修饰的词多为抽象名词。need, time, way, right, chance, courage, reason, wish, movement.There is n

34、o need for him to come.他没有必要来。He has no time to read the book.他没有时间读这本书。注意为动宾关系的不定式，必须是及物动词或不及物动词加介词；如果不定式所修饰的词是way或place，介词可省略。It is a comfortable sofa to sit on.这是一张坐上去很舒服的沙发。He has no way to go.他没有路可走。This is the best place to work.这是最适合工作的地方(2)不定式作状语：不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主

35、语。To learn a foreign language well，you must try your best.要学好一门外语，你必须尽你最大的努力。注意不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。He searched the whole room only to find nothing.他搜遍了整个房间结果什么也没找到。注意不定式作状语与only连用放句尾常表出乎意料的结果。Im glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。注意在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、遗憾”等表感情的形容词后，常用不定式作原因状语。四 Reading for Writing 1. arguevt.& vi.论证；争辩；争

36、论(1)argue for. 为而争论；为而辩护argue against 争辩(反对)argue that.(should) do sth. 主张argue with sb.on/about/over sth. 与某人争辩某事argue sb.into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事(2)argument n.争论；争辩；论点例句(1)Do you ever argue with your family about which TV programme to watch?你曾经和家人争论过看哪个电视节目吗？(2)All the evidence argued aga

37、inst the theory that the disease was spread by water.所有的证据显示，该病由水传染之说不能成立。(3)We argued her out of going on such a journey.我们说服她不要去做这样一次旅行。(4)I argue that every one of us (should) try our best to help those in need.我主张我们人人都应该尽力帮助需要帮助的人。拓展表示“说服做”的其他表达：persuade sb. to do sth.persuade sb. into doing sth

38、.convince sb. to do sth.talk sb. into doing sth.辨析argue指对自己的立场、看法等提出论证企图说服别人quarrel指因对某事不满而生气，同某人争吵2. limitedadj.有限的limit n限度；限制；极限；界限；(常作复数)范围 vt.限制；限定(1)There is a limit to. 是有限度的(2)within the limits of. 在范围之内(3)without limit 无限地，无限制地(4)over/beyond the limit 超量，超出限度(5)set a limit/limits to. 对规定限度例

39、句(1)There is a limit to the amount of pain we can bear.我们能忍受的疼痛是有限度的。(2)Each country should develop its own programme within the limits of national resources.每个国家都应该在国家资源的限度内开发自己的项目。(3)The house prices in the city seem rising without limit.这个城市的房价好像在无限制地飞涨。(4)The EU has set strict limits to levels o

40、f pollution.欧盟对污染程度作了严格的限制。(5)His speech ran over the time limit.他的讲话超过了规定的时间限制。3. attachvt.系；绑；贴；(使)附属；(使)隶属attachment n附件；喜爱；连接(1)be attached to sb/sth 依恋；附属于；爱慕某人(某物)(2)attach sth to sth 把附在之上(3)attach oneself to sb 参加；和在一起(4)attach to sb/sth 与有联系(5)attach importance to 重视例句(1)A metal key was att

41、ached to the string.一把金属钥匙系在绳子上。(2)I have attached my photo to you in my last email，please check it in the attachment.我已经把我的照片附在上一封邮件里了，请在附件里查一下。(3)I attach great importance to this research.我认为这项研究十分重要。(4)At one time the schools were mainly attached to the church.这些学校曾一度归教会主管。4. result in导致；造成(1)re

42、sult in为及物动词短语，表示“导致”的意思，其同义词有cause(引起)，bring about(引起；导致；致使)；lead to(导致)；contribute to(有助于；向投稿)等。(2)result from 由产生as a result of 由于的原因as a result 结果without result 毫无结果例句(1)The forests were destroyed. As a result，parts of the country are now short of water.森林遭到破坏，因此，目前该国的部分地区水源短缺。(2)The flood came

43、about as a result of the heavy spring rains.春雨大造成了洪水泛滥。(3)Many hair problems result from what you eat.很多头发问题都是由饮食引起的。(4)When you do something with faith，it will result in success.当你有信心的去做某事，结果就会成功。注意as a result意为“因此，结果”，后面接表示结果的句子；as a result of意为“作为的结果；由于”，其后面的部分表示原因，of后面接名词或动名词。5. provide for sb.提

44、供生活所需给某人提供某物provide sb. with sth/provide sth. for sb.supply sb. with sth./supply sth. to sb.offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb.例句(1)If you can supply us with goods of high quality，we will not care much for price.如您能提供优质产品，我们对价格是不会在意的。(2)The cup is provided with big handles which is easy for the baby to

45、 hold.杯子有大把手，便于婴儿拿着。(3)Working in a team offered a chance to me to learn how to get along with others.在团队中工作给了我一个学习如何与他人相处的机会。(4)She offered a collector 1,000 dollars for that painting.她出价1000美元向一位收藏家购买那幅画。,6. run out用完；耗尽run across 偶然遇见(或看到)run at 攻击run after 追赶；追求run for 竞选run into 遇到；撞上run out of 用完某物例句(1)