第一章商务英语翻译概论PPT课件.ppt

1、1Unit 1 An Introduction to Business English Translation2Origin of Translationthe Tower of Babel3 the Tower of Babel from the Bible Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated to the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one ano

2、ther, Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole e

3、arth. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. 4 And the LORD said, Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Com

4、e, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one anothers speech. So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. 56 Red lion head Bean curd made by a pock-marked woman; Husband and wifes lung slic

5、e； Rolling donkey 7 Braised Pork Balls in Soy Sauce Mapo Tofu Beef and Ox Tripe in Chili Sauce Ldagunr (Glutinous Rice Rolls with Sweet Bean Flour) 891011 “fee-paying public toilet” 北京的一家收费厕所，门口的标示牌为“到北京的厕所领钱去”12Earliest Translation History in China 西汉学者刘向(公元前77年前6年)说苑善说记载越人歌，距今二千多年。 国语周语中：“故坐诸门外，而使

6、舌人体委与之。” 韦昭 注：“舌人，能达异方之志，象胥之官也。” 舌人：tongue man 象胥：古代的翻译官 拉丁语的“舌”字词根为“lingua”，称译员为“linguist”(与语言学家同字)，与中文的“舌人”完全对应。 13 -the West 250 B.C. Livius Andronicus (里维乌斯 安德罗尼柯,罗马人）translated the Greek epic poem “Odyssey” in Latin.14Characteristics of Business English Lexical features Syntactic features Styli

7、stic features151) Formal and serious A. long prepositions B. compound words made up of here/there +prepositions C. abbreviations D. technical terms16Examples: (1) In compliance with your cable of 12th,we have opened L/C today. 按照你方12日电报，我们今天开出信用证。 (2) We enclose herewith one of our price-list for yo

8、ur examination. 兹随函附寄我价格表一份，请参考。 (3) Thereafter, you may book orders with us as we always maintain adequate quantities of replacement parts in stock. 之后，贵方可向我公司订购，我们经常保持适当数量的零部件现货。17More examples (4) We shall cover TPND on your order. 我们将为你方所订货物投保偷窃、提货不着险。 (5) We used to do business with them on FOB

9、 basis. 我们过去和他们按船上交货价做生意。 (6) We enclose Bill of Lading, Consignment Note with three copies of Commercial Invoice, Certificate of Origin, Import License. 我们附上提单，发货通知书我们附上提单，发货通知书/托运通知书，托运通知书，以及商业发票、产地证和进口许可证的三以及商业发票、产地证和进口许可证的三份复印件。份复印件。182) Accurate and specific The correct expression of time, pric

10、e, quantity, sum of money, specifications, etc.19Examples We shall deliver the goods to you by September 12. 我们将于9月12日前将货交给你方。 我们将于9月12日，包括12日在内将货交给你方。20Syntactic Features 1) Using declarative sentences 2) Using complex sentences, participles and infinitives 3) Use passive voice 4) Using modal verbs

11、21 In case the contract is concluded on CIF basis, the insurance shall be effected by the seller for 110% of invoice value covering all risks, war risk, and S.R.C.C. risks (i.e., Strikes, Riot, and Civil Commotions). 在到岸价基础上订立的合同， 将由卖方按发票金额110%投保综合险、战争险、罢工险、暴乱险和民变险。22Stylistic features Diversity23De

12、finitions of Translation Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia Encyclopedia Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). J. C. Carford24 To tran

13、slate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. Samuel Johnson (Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another

14、language for readers with a different background. Malcolm Cowley25 Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。 Eugene A. Nida2

15、6Nature of Translation 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。意义的交流必须通过语言来实现，而每种语言都是一个独特文化的部分和载体。我们在转换一个文本的语言信息时，也在传达其蕴含的文化意义。翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。27Classifications By means: -interpretation, translation and machine translation By the difference between SL and TL -inter-language, intra-language By the t

16、reatment of the source materials -complete translation, select translation, translation and edit By register -practical, literary, scientific28Criteria of Translation 诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异音音名物不同，传实不易名物不同，传实不易仆初仆初嫌其词不雅。维嫌其词不雅。维祇祇难曰：难曰：“佛言依其佛言依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则

17、为善。当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸曰：座中咸曰：“老氏称：老氏称：美言不信，美言不信，信言不美。信言不美。今传胡义，实且径今传胡义，实且径达。达。” -支谦（法句经序） 29 佛经是从印度取回的。印度语言的发音与汉语不同事物及其名称不同，翻译时传达原义很不容易我开始认为译文用词不雅。一位名叫祗难的人说：“翻译佛言要传达意义，不用修饰，要严格根据佛法。译者翻译经文，要使经文易懂，不失其本义，这样的译文才是好译文。”在座的人都说：“老子说：美的译文不信，信的译文不美。翻译外语的意义，直接译过来就行。” 30Criteria of translation “译译”事三难：事三难：信、达、雅

18、信、达、雅。求其信，已大。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。焉。译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。倍本文。至原文词理本深，难于共喻，至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。为达：为达，即以为信也。易易曰：曰：“修修辞立诚辞立诚”。子曰。子曰“辞达而已！辞达而已！”又曰：又曰：“言言之无文，行之不远之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦。三者乃文

19、章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。 严复（18541921，天演论译例言）31Yan Fu (1854-1921) - A Famous Chinese Scholar and Translator “信” (faithfulness): Being faithful to the original（忠实于原文） “达”(expressiveness): Being explicit and smooth（明白晓畅） “雅” (elegance): Being elegant in diction （措辞的优雅）32Criteria of Tra

20、nslation 译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 林语堂 So dim, so dark,So dense, so dull,So damp, so dank,So dead!The weather, now warm, now cold,Makes it harder than ever to forget!How can thin wine and bread Serve as protectionAgainst the piercing wind of sunset!33Criteria of Translation 以效果而论，翻译应像临

21、画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。 傅雷 文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。 钱钟书 真有灵感的译文，像投胎重生的灵魂一般，令人觉得是一种“再创造”。 余光中 34Criteria of Translation 泰特勒（Alexander F. Tytler）(1747-1814) 翻译“三原则”： A. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译

22、文应完全复写出原文的思想； B. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致； C. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应和原文同样流畅。35Eugene Nida (1914- ): Father of Modern Translation Theory dynamic/ functional equivalence “Th

23、e reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” Core contents: Readers response Priority of content over form36Examples 例一：“Xishi”,i.e.,“Xizi”,is one of the four most b

24、eautiful ladies in the Chinese history, who was the native of Zhejiang province. “the fair lady” or “a Chinese Cleopatra” 例二: Liar，Liar，Parents on Fire (Newsweek April 7th，2008) 试译1：撒谎，撒谎，父母遭殃 例三：Hurting and Homeless（Newsweek May 21st，2008） 试译：心无所依，身无所栖。37Peter Newmark SL emphasis TL emphasisWord-fo

25、r-word translation AdaptationLiteral translation Free translationFaithful translation Idiomatic translationSemantic translation Communicative translationsemantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact contextual mean

26、ing of the original“communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original (Newmark, 1981: 39). 38 英国翻译理论家Peter Newmark将语言功能分为七类： 1、informative function，传达信息。如：他是我哥哥。（He is my elder brother.） 2、expressive function，表

27、达感情。如：这里风景多美啊！（What a beautiful view!） 3、vocative function，使听者或读者作出文本所期望的反应。如：请坐下。39 4、aesthetic function，使感官愉快。 如：“层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星。” （朱自清：“荷塘月色”） The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers, some blooming gracefully; others, as if bashfully,

28、 still in bud. They were like bright pearls and stars in an azure sky.(王椒升译）.405、cognitive function，人必须用语言进行思考，用语言“进行分析、综合、抽象、概括等思维活动，形成思想，表达思想6、phatic function，使交际者保持接触，也可反映交际者之间的关系。如：你好。（How do you do!）幸会。（Nice to see you!）7、metalingual function，指语言解释或命名自身特点的功能。如：语言是一种独特的符号系统。（Language is a unique

29、 system of signs.）41Criterion of Business Translation faithfulness exactness consistency42Violating Faithfulness 客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时，免征所得税。 Profits gained by the investors and businessmen from the Development Zone enterprises will be exempted from tax when remitted out of China. Dividend, be exempted

30、 from personal income tax 43Violating Exactness 1. 我方已发了装运通知，货物会在5月30日前发出。 Ive sent the shipping instructions to you. The goods will be shipped before May 30. 2. 请根据装运须知来装运货物。 Please ship the goods according to the shipping advice. 44 交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 Both parties agree to change the time of shipp

31、ing into August and change US dollar to Renminbi. into to45Violating Consistency 比利时卢森堡经济联盟 Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Alliance Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) 原产地 original place of production place of origin46Method of Translation What are the methods of translation? Literal translation F

32、ree translation47Literal Translation By literal translation, you can get the original meaning preserving the way of expression without destroying the stylistic features and rhetoric images. 直译（Literal Translation):就是指译文不但完整而正确地表达原文的内容，而且还基本上保留原文表达的形式，比如保留原文所使用的词语、句子结构、修辞手法等，如原文中的比喻，原文的形象，原文的民族特色等。48

33、 直译是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位，把忠实于原文形式放在第二位，把通顺的译文形式放在第三位的翻译方法。 -许渊冲49 译文语序与原文一致，译文语序与原文一致，“字对字字对字”的直的直译译 Without air，a living thing will die. 没有空气，生物就会死。没有空气，生物就会死。 译文语序、词序、句法与原文不同，译文语序、词序、句法与原文不同，但忠于原文，符合汉语规范，也属直译但忠于原文，符合汉语规范，也属直译 To greatly increase the speed of development of our science and technology is a

34、 task which brooks no delay. 大大加快我国科学技术的发展速度乃是刻大大加快我国科学技术的发展速度乃是刻不容缓的任务。不容缓的任务。50More Examples But I hated Sakamoto ,and I had a feeling hed surely lead us both to our ancestors . 但是我恨坂本，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。 Hilter was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War ,but in a few years ,he was

35、 completely defeated. 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。51 Translate the following sentences literally. (1) 他是只纸老虎。 He is a paper tiger. (2) 别流鳄鱼泪。 Dont shed crocodile tears. (3) 应该弥补代沟。 We must bridge the generation gap. (4)假冒伪劣商品 fake or poor quality commodities (5)最惠国待遇 most-favored-nation tre

36、atment52More Examples 处理人民内部的矛盾必须坚持和风细雨 的方法 ,坚持“团结一批评一团结”的方法。 It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze ,and to adhere to the formula of “unity- criticism- unity” in dealing with contradictions among the people. 53 对外开放取得新进展。2003 年共批准“三资”企业120 家,全省“三资

37、”企业已达480 家。 New progress has been made in the process of opening to the outside world. In 2003 , the province approved 120 “Three Forms of Ventures”( Sino -foreign joint ventures , cooperative enterprises and wholly foreign - funded enterprises) , totaling 480.54直译与死译直译与死译 原文形式和内容在翻译后是一致时，可原文形式和内容在翻

38、译后是一致时，可以用直译的办法，达到忠实、通顺言简意赅以用直译的办法，达到忠实、通顺言简意赅的效果。的效果。 如果原文形式和内容无法与译语的表达如果原文形式和内容无法与译语的表达方式一致时，仍然采用直译，会使译文不明方式一致时，仍然采用直译，会使译文不明不白，成为不白，成为“死译死译”，死译的句子既不忠实，死译的句子既不忠实于原文，又不符合译语表达方式。于原文，又不符合译语表达方式。 You cant be too careful. 你不能太小心。你不能太小心。 biological parents 生物父母生物父母55Free Translation By free translation,

39、 you get the very true meaning without being confined to the expression of the ST, the images and national features, you just convey the true meaning contained in it according to the custom of TL. 意译(Free Translation)：就是不拘泥于原文的表达形式，不受原文所使用的词语、句子结构、修辞手法等如形象，民族特色等的限制，而只是将原文的意义传达出来的翻译。56 意译却是把忠实于原文的内容放

40、在第一位，把通顺的译文形式放在第二位，而不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。 -许渊冲57反映民族语言个性的方面，往往要用到意译反映民族语言个性的方面，往往要用到意译 译出隐含之意译出隐含之意 译出引申之意译出引申之意 转义转义 源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语 源于俚语、口语、谑语源于俚语、口语、谑语58Physics is the science of matter and energy.物理学是物理学是研究研究物质与能量的科学。物质与能量的科学。译出隐含之意译出隐含之意59Our uncle remembered us in his will.我们的叔父指明分给我们遗产。我们

41、的叔父指明分给我们遗产。比较：我们的叔父在他的遗嘱中提到了我比较：我们的叔父在他的遗嘱中提到了我们。们。 译出引申之意译出引申之意60The high cost of this new product has discouraged commercial use.这种新产品的高成本，使其这种新产品的高成本，使其上市销售疲上市销售疲软。软。 转义转义61源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语 His behavior would try the patience of Job. 连连最有耐心的人最有耐心的人也可能无法容忍他的行为。也可能无法容忍他的行为。 The little gi

42、rl is in the Seventh Heaven with her new bicycle. 这个小女孩因有一辆新自行车而这个小女孩因有一辆新自行车而欢天喜地欢天喜地。 Mary blew hot and cold about going to college, every day, she changed her mind. 玛丽对上大学的事玛丽对上大学的事摇摆不定摇摆不定，她天天改变主意。，她天天改变主意。 Everybody knows they are birds of a feather. 大家都知道他们是大家都知道他们是一路货色一路货色。 It is a good horse

43、 that never stumbles. 金无足赤，人无完人。金无足赤，人无完人。62源于俚语、口语、谑语源于俚语、口语、谑语 To get a decent apartment these days in New York you have to pay an arm and a leg. 目前在纽约住上一套像样的公寓，必须目前在纽约住上一套像样的公寓，必须要要付出极高的代价付出极高的代价。 He fell asleep and he was driving his pigs to market. 他睡着了，他睡着了，鼾声如雷鼾声如雷。 The another half of man is

44、 the better half. 男人的一半是男人的一半是女人女人。63More Examples One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。和尚没水喝。 我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！ If anything should happen to me , let Yushan know! 大智若愚大智若愚 A truly wise person does not show off his (her)

45、 ability. 64意译需留意：意译需留意： 不能脱离原作这个依据不能脱离原作这个依据 不能脱离原作的语言环境不能脱离原作的语言环境65意译与乱译意译与乱译 意译必须在全面把握、透彻体会原文的意译必须在全面把握、透彻体会原文的真实意义的基础上，运用相应翻译方法或改真实意义的基础上，运用相应翻译方法或改变原文句式，或综合句意，再用规范的译入变原文句式，或综合句意，再用规范的译入语加以表达。语加以表达。 凭主观臆断来理解原文，不分析原文结凭主观臆断来理解原文，不分析原文结构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造成成“乱译乱译”。66Which is bett

46、er? 要根据原作语言的不同情况，来决定其中该直译的就直译，该意译的就意译。一个出色的译者总是能全局在胸而又紧扣局部，既忠实于原作的灵魂。又便利于读者的理解与接受的。一部好的译作总是既有直译又有意译的：凡能直译处坚持直译，必须意译处则放手意译。” -王佐良67 一译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容时，可以直译，不能表达时就意译； 二原文的表达形式比译文精确、有力时，可以直译，译文的表达形式比原文精确、有力时，可以意译。 -许渊冲 68 直译和意译兼容并蓄、相得益彰 没有对错之分，只有好与更好 考虑译文的可传意性和可接受性69Process of TranslationElements

47、involved in the process:Author of STSTTranslatorTTReaders of TTcomprehension expressionrevision70 1) Accurate comprehension/ analysis to get the true message focus: analysis of grammatical relationships and meanings of words and combinations of words. 你满家子算一算，谁的奶奶妈妈不仗着主子哥儿姐儿得些便宜？偏咱们就这样“丁是丁，卯是卯”的？ in

48、 all the different young masters and mistresses households, which nurse and nanny doesnt get certain perks. Why expect us to be scrupulous?71 2) Smooth expression/ restructuring SL TL 3) Careful check-up/ revision72Qualifications of a Translator A good command of both languages: accurate understandi

49、ng of the SL and natural expression in the TL. Encyclopedic knowledge: context, situation, culture Keen and acute perception: authors ideology, psyche, writing skills and expression habits; the works scene, tone73 A Red, Red Rose O, my luves like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June. O, my lu

50、ves like the melodie, Thats sweetly playd in tune. Robert Burns 74一朵红红的玫瑰呵, 我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;呵, 我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏得和谐又合拍。 王佐良译一朵红红的玫瑰啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰，它在六月里初开，啊，我的爱人像一支乐曲，美妙地演奏起来。 -袁可嘉译 一朵红红的玫瑰呵，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰，蓓蕾初放正值花季；呵，我的爱人像一首甜甜的乐曲，旋律奏响最合时宜。 -吕志鲁译A Red, Red Rose O, my luves like a red, red rose, Thats ne