地理坐标系与地图投影1PPT课件.ppt
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- 地理 坐标系 地图投影 PPT 课件
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1、Map Projections and TypesCartographyThe art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns. A stone tablet found in a cave in Abauntz in the Navarra region of northern Spain is believed to contain the earliest kno
2、wn representation of a landscape.MapsVisual representation of the earths surface or the phenomenon (any observable occurrence) that occur on the earths surface.Map ScaleThe degree to which a map “zooms in” on the area it is representing. Scale tells you what extent the portion of the earth represent
3、ed on the map has been reduced from its original size to fit on the map.For example, 1 inch on a map may equal 10 miles in the real world. That scale might be written as 1 inch = 10 miles. Sometimes, scale is indicated as a fraction. “1/10 miles” or “1:10 miles” means 1 inch on the map equals 10 mil
4、es in the real world. THIS IS THE TRICKY PARTCounterintuitive part of mapping: “LARGE” OR “SMALL” scale.“LARGE” OR “SMALL” scale.The more “zoomed in” the map is on an area, the larger is its map scale.large-scale map depicts a smaller areaThe less “zoomed in” the map is on an area, the smaller is it
5、s scale.Small-scale map depicts a larger areaMap ProjectionsEarth is ROUND!ROUND!So?Transforming something spherical into something flat means that the 2-D image will never exactly represent what is visible in three-dimensions. Geographers use numerous mathematical equations to produce map projectio
6、ns. All flat maps have some distortion in their representation of:DistanceShapeAreaOr direction. Types of ProjectionsEqual-area (or equivalent) projections: maps that maintain area but distort other properties.Conformal (or orthomorphic) projections: maps that maintain shape but distort other proper
7、ties (it is impossible to have a projection that is both conformal and equal area).Azimuthal projections: maps that maintain direction but distort other properties.Equidistant projections: maps that maintain distance but distort other properties. Mercator ProjectionCylindrical map projectionUseful f
8、or navigation because it maintains accurate directionFamous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversizedMercator ProjectionPeters ProjectionCylindrical map projection Attempts to retain all the accurate sizes of all the worlds landmassesSometimes used as a politic
9、al statement- that we should refocus our attention to the tropics, home to large landmasses and many of the worlds poorest countries. Peters ProjectionFuller ProjectionMaintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses Completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions (north, s
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