催化剂制备原理:8第五六七章-加氢脱氢氧化催化剂的制备课件.ppt
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- 催化剂 制备 原理 第五 六七 加氢 脱氢 氧化 课件
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1、加氢反应加氢反应催化剂还原镍催化剂分解镍有机酸盐制成的催化剂骨架镍催化剂层型和片状镍催化剂 漆原镍催化剂镍催化剂的钝化其它绿色化的化学反应,原子经济性催化加氢一般生成产物和水,不会生成其它副产物(副反应除外),具有很好的原子经济性。绿色化学是当今科研和生产的世界潮流,我国已在重大科研项目研究的立项上向这个方向倾斜产品收率高、质量好普通的加氢反应副反应很少,因此产品的质量很高反应条件温和,设备通用 CHCH2 2=CH=CH2 2 + H + H2 2 CH CH3 3-CH-CH3 3 + 33 + 33 KCalKCal活性:RhRh PbPb Pt Pt Fe W Cr Ta Fe W C
2、r Ta丙烯加氢,浮石载体活性:RhRh Ir Ir RuRu Pt Pt PbPb Fe Co Os Fe Co Os佐藤,Ni+碱金属氟化物 1-己烯、环己烯,收率100%,稳定活性:RhRh RuRu Pt Pt PbPbNiNi和CoCo也有很高活性工业上一般采用NiNi和CuCuCu-Cu-SiO-SiO2 2,Cu 20%wtCu 20%wt、NaFNaF 24%wt 24%wt+ 3 H2+ 49 KCalHydrogenationHydrogenation of aromatics have been commercialized at a lot of plants in t
3、he world. Ni and Pt -Al2O3 is used in slurry or fixed bed reactor mostly. Ru-Al2O3 has high activity also. Hydrogenation of Benzene and AlkylbenzeneA pure cyclohexane is used for raw material of nylon-6. Stable Ni or Pt-Al2O3 is commercialized as fixed bed process. Reaction condition of Ni is a litt
4、le severe, 5 MPa, Pt-Al2O3 is operated 1 Mpa. The life of catalyst is 2-4 years. small amount of sulfur becomes catalyst poison. Aromatics in paraffin would be hydrogenated to naphthene and alkylcyclohexane. Small amounts of acid is promoter of the reaction. Ru-Al2O3 is excellent catalyst for hydrog
5、enation of aromatics. Ethyl benzene is easy to be hydrogenated with Ru-Al2O3 to ethyl cyclohexane which is used none aromatic solvent. Typical reaction condition is Temp. 150, 1 MPa, WHSV. 1.0.Although Pd-Al2O3 has hydrogenation activity of alkylaromatics, it can not be used industry because of very
6、 sensitive to small amount of sulfur. Asahi chemical Co., developed selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene using Ru-Zn black powder catalyst in benzene-water solvent. The process was commercialized Japan and China. Cyclohexene is introduced to cyclohxanone by hydration with ZSM-5. Hydroge
7、nation of bezoyic acidPd-carbon powder is used for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to cyclohexane carboxylic acid which is called Sinia process producing intermediater of caprolactam. The process is commercialized in Europe and China. Hydrogenation of phenolCyclohexanone is introduced by hydrogenation
8、 of phenol also. Cyclohexanone is raw material of nylon. Pd-carbon powder has been used at slurry bed process and Pd-Al2O3 used at fixed bed process. Modified by alkaline gives high yield. Rh or Ru gives cyclohexanol. Pt and Ni is easy to make hydrogenolysis and gives cyclohexane as follows reaction
9、. OHOPdRh, RuOHNi, Pt苯酚加氢+ 2 H2OHOHOHOH+O+ 2 H2O+ 2 H2OH+ H2cyclohexanonecyclohexanecyclohex-3-enolcyclohex-2-enolcyclohex-1-enol+ 3 H2OHOHphenolcyclohexanol己内酰胺己内酰胺是一种重要的有机化工原料,是生产尼己内酰胺是一种重要的有机化工原料,是生产尼龙龙6 6纤维纤维( (即锦纶即锦纶) )和尼龙和尼龙6 6工程塑料的单体。工程塑料的单体。己内酰胺为白色粉末或者白色片状固体,手触有己内酰胺为白色粉末或者白色片状固体,手触有润滑感,工业品有微
10、弱叔胺气味。纯己内酰胺的润滑感,工业品有微弱叔胺气味。纯己内酰胺的凝固点为凝固点为69.269.2,在,在760mmHg760mmHg时沸点为时沸点为268.5268.5,具有吸水性,易溶于水、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、氯具有吸水性,易溶于水、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、氯仿和苯等有机溶剂中仿和苯等有机溶剂中, ,受热时起聚合反应。受热时起聚合反应。 苯酚法苯酚法苯酚在镍铅合金催化剂存在下加氢转化为环己醇苯酚在镍铅合金催化剂存在下加氢转化为环己醇。精馏分离出环己醇,以锌铁或铜为催化剂脱氢。精馏分离出环己醇,以锌铁或铜为催化剂脱氢转化为环己酮。精馏得到环己酮,与硫酸羟胺和转化为环己酮。精馏得到环己酮,与硫酸羟胺和
11、氨发生肟化反应生成环己酮肟,同时还生成副产氨发生肟化反应生成环己酮肟,同时还生成副产品硫酸铵。分离出的环己酮肟在过量发烟硫酸存品硫酸铵。分离出的环己酮肟在过量发烟硫酸存在下经贝克曼转位反应生成己内酰胺。反应生成在下经贝克曼转位反应生成己内酰胺。反应生成物中的硫酸用氨中和得到副产品硫酸铵。分离出物中的硫酸用氨中和得到副产品硫酸铵。分离出来的粗己内酰胺,经提纯精制得到己内酰胺的成来的粗己内酰胺,经提纯精制得到己内酰胺的成品。品。 环己烷氧化法环己烷氧化法苯在三氧化二铝为载体的镍催化剂存在下,经气苯在三氧化二铝为载体的镍催化剂存在下,经气相加氢反应得到环己烷。环己烷以钴为催化剂经相加氢反应得到环己烷
12、。环己烷以钴为催化剂经液相氧化生成环己醇和环己酮。环己醇按上法脱液相氧化生成环己醇和环己酮。环己醇按上法脱氢转化成环己酮,以下的生产过程同上。氢转化成环己酮,以下的生产过程同上。 环己烷光亚硝化法环己烷光亚硝化法氨与空气在钯催化剂存在下燃烧生成三氧化二氮氨与空气在钯催化剂存在下燃烧生成三氧化二氮,三氧化二氮与硫酸反应生成亚硝基硫酸。亚硝,三氧化二氮与硫酸反应生成亚硝基硫酸。亚硝基硫酸与氯化氢反应生成氯化亚硝酰。环己烷与基硫酸与氯化氢反应生成氯化亚硝酰。环己烷与氯化亚硝酰在加有碘化铊的高压汞灯照射下生成氯化亚硝酰在加有碘化铊的高压汞灯照射下生成环己酮肟盐酸盐,以下生成过程同上。环己酮肟盐酸盐,以
13、下生成过程同上。 Hydrogenation of cyclohexylethanolVinylcyclohexane is applied as raw material for Polymer. It is introduced from cyclohexylethanol by dehydration. Cyclohexylethanol is produced from phenylethanol by hydrogenation with Ru-Al2O3. Hydrogenation of anilineAniline is hydrogenated to cyclohexyl a
14、mine. Acid inhibit the rate of reaction. Basic metals such as Li, K are promoter. Ru-Al2O3 seems the best catalyst either slurry and fixed bed process. Hydrogenation of pyridinePyridine is hydrogenated to piperidine with Pt or Ru-carbon powder. Using 5%Ru-carbon powder process are commercialized. Ac
15、id is catalyst poison and alkali metals are promoter as same as hydrogenation of aniline. 吡啶加氢NpyridineNHpiperidine+ 3 H2Bi-metal catalystRh-Ru or Rh-Pt bi-metal catalyst shows very high activity for hydrogenation of p-xylene. It is reported by Dr. P.N. Rylander. Hydrogenation of Bis-phenol AStable
16、Ni catalyst has been used to produce hydrogenated bis-phenol A at slurry process. trans isomer is main product. Ru-Al2O3 can be used at fixed bed process, and main product is cis-isomer, secondary alcohol as solvent gives high yield. H3CCCH3O+ H2H3CCHCH3OH金属蒸发膜上:Pt Ni Fe Pt Ni Fe W Pb AuW Pb AuPb Pb
17、 对丙酮及其它脂肪酮的加氢能力较差NO2+ 3 H2NH2+ 2 H2O + 132 KCalNiNi(硫化物)、CuCu催化剂Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 1877 1881, Prof Lv RongwenReduction of nitroarenesus ing hydrazine hydrate over nickel-iron mixed oxide catalyst prepared from a nickel-iron hydrotalcite-like precursor.NC(CH2)4CN + 4H2H2N(CH2)6NH2CoCo、NiNi
18、:伯胺:伯胺RhRh:仲胺:仲胺PtPt、PdPd:叔胺:叔胺葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇 镍-/催化剂-非晶态催化剂 Hydrogenation of p-phenylphenol to p-cyclohexylphenolJ. Xin et al. / Catalysis Communications 9 (2008) 23452348Regioselective hydrogenation of p-phenylphenol (p-PP) to p-cyclohexylphenol (p-CP) was performed over 10 wt.% Pd/C catalyst
19、 in THF solvent. The selectivity of p-CP was up to 92.3% at 413 K under 3.5 MPa with 100% conversion of p-PP. The desired product could be easily separated from the reaction mixture by washing with aqueous NaOH following extraction by toluene.蒽醌加氢催化剂 含钯或钯-铂加氢催化剂颗粒大小:23 活性组分:Pd或Pd、Pt 堆比重(gml):0.65 比表
20、面积(mg):150200 孔容(mlg):0.500.60 压碎强度(N粒):50 耐热温度()650 NiO+Al2O3 铝镍尖晶石(NiAl2O4)40H2H2HClCH3CH4+H2CH3CH3+3H2300500 C,H242MOx(s) + xH2(g) M(s) + xH2O(g)MClx(s) + x/2H2(g) M(s) + xHCl(g)eqOHHPPK1122eqHHClPPK122243取PH2 101 KPa,PH2O、PHCl 0.133Pa:K1=1.310-6,K2=1.810-7实施方法:在不发生烧结的前提下,尽可能地提高还原温度特别是还原初期,可以加快金属
21、晶核生成速度(结构型助剂)使用较高的氢空速尽可能地降低还原气体中水蒸气的分压如在还原前事先将催化剂进行低温脱水,或用干燥的的惰性气体通过催化剂的床层镍催化剂1897年,Sabatier,乙烯+氢气乙烷商品还原镍催化剂的制备商品还原镍催化剂的制备400 500 Ni-Al O -硅藻土硅藻土蚁酸镍(或草酸镍)Ni(HCOO)22H2ONi + CO2+ H2+ 2H2O隔绝空气1925,Raney,Ni-SiO2;Ni-Al?2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O2NaAlO2+ 3H22L2L三口烧瓶,温度计,搅拌三口烧瓶,温度计,搅拌160 g NaOH160 g NaOH溶于溶于600 ml
22、600 ml水水激烈激烈搅拌,保持搅拌,保持50502 2 25 30 min25 30 min,加入,加入125 g Ni-125 g Ni-AlAl合金粉末合金粉末缓慢缓慢搅拌搅拌50 min50 minNaOH溶液加入合金中把非常稀的NaOH溶液加入合金合金表面被Al(OH)3包覆,呈灰白色加入浓NaOH溶液溶铝反应平缓进行高活性催化剂三水氧化铝Al2O3H2ONi-Al合金与水一起加热种子反应氧化铝为单体的骨架镍2 Al + 6 H2OAl2O33H2O + 3 H20.05 mm镍板,0.1 mm铝板N2,加热至630 ,加压碱液展开AlNi日本,漆原,1951Ni-B: baseN
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