2020高考英语语法专题介词考点突破精讲课件(共92张).pptx

1、语法专题：介词prepositions定义及用法:介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。【考纲解读】介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等，全国各地高考试题中，都涉及到介词的考查，对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词，中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词

2、和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in，on，off，to，from，for，over，with等。高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。介词的分类介词的分类1. 从从结构上分结构上分，可分为：，可分为：简单介词简单介词（如：（如：at, in, on, for, over, up）、）、合成介词合成介词（如：（如：inside, outside, within, without）、）、以以-ing结尾的介词结尾的介词（如：（如：concernin

3、g, including, excluding, following）和）和短语介词短语介词（如：（如：according to, because of, apart from, in case of）。）。2. 从从含义上分含义上分，可分为，可分为表示时间表示时间（如：（如：at, in, on, before, between）、）、地点地点（如：（如：at, in, on, under, behind）、）、趋向趋向（如：（如：to / towards, across, off, up）、）、原因原因（如：（如：for, with, due to）、）、让步让步（如：（如：despite

4、, in spite of）和）和条件条件（如：（如：in case of, without, but for）等的介词。）等的介词。一 几组常见介词的辨析意义意义短语短语at表示某个时间点、时刻等表示某个时间点、时刻等at midnight“在半夜在半夜”；at sunrise/sunset“在日出在日出/日落日落”on表示在具体的日子或具体的表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上某一天的上午、下午、晚上on a rainy night“在一个雨夜在一个雨夜”；on Christmas Eve“在平安夜在平安夜”in表示在某段较长的时间内表示在某段较长的时间内(如如世纪、年代、月份

5、等世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指或泛指上午、下午、晚上等上午、下午、晚上等in December“在十二月在十二月”；in the morning“在上午在上午”意义意义比较比较in表示表示“在在时间之内时间之内/之之后后”，所在的句中必须表示，所在的句中必须表示将来。将来。He will be back in an hour.他一小时后就回来。他一小时后就回来。He came back after an hour.他一小时后回来了。他一小时后回来了。after表示表示“在在时间之后时间之后”，通常通常“after时间段时间段”与过与过去时连用，去时连用，“after时间点时间点”与将来时连用。与

6、将来时连用。Tips:1、in 表示“在时间之后”，必须满足两个条件。（1）所修饰的动词必须表过去将来或者现在将来 （2）后面必须是一段时间。否则用after/ later.My father will be back in three days.My father will be back after 3 oclock.My father came back here after 3 days/ 3 days after/ 3 days later.(2) 当时间名词前面被 this, that, last, next, some, every, one等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。(3)

7、for + 时间段，用与表示一个动作或行为状态持续了多久。（并不一定用完成时）(4) 时间段+ ago/ before(5)since + 时间点/时间段; from+时间点(6) over/during + 名词（a coffee/his stay）意义意义短语短语through表示表示“从从的内部的内部穿过穿过”through the forest“从森林穿从森林穿过过”across表示表示“从从表面穿表面穿过过”across the desert“穿过沙漠穿过沙漠”over表示表示“从从的上面的上面越过越过”jump over the fence“跨过篱跨过篱笆墙笆墙”意义意义比较比较i

8、n 表示表示“在在范围范围内内”Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东部。日本位于中国东部。(在在范围外范围外)Beijing lies in the north of China.北京位于中国北部。北京位于中国北部。(在在范围内范围内)Mongolia, which lies on/to the north of China, is a beautiful country.位于中国北部的蒙古，是一个美丽的国位于中国北部的蒙古，是一个美丽的国 家。家。(毗邻，接毗邻，接壤壤/在在范围外范围外)on表示表示“毗毗邻，接壤邻，接壤”to表示表示“在在范围范

9、围外外”Tips：表示表示“动向，动向，位置位置”的介词的介词Tips：in front of，in the front of两个介词短语皆有两个介词短语皆有“在前面在前面”的意思，区别是的意思，区别是:in front of通常相对于某物体的外部来说，指某人或某物位通常相对于某物体的外部来说，指某人或某物位于该物前面，意为于该物前面，意为“在在前面前面”；in the front of通常相对于空间而言，指某人或某物位于某通常相对于空间而言，指某人或某物位于某个空间的内部，意为个空间的内部，意为“在在的前部的前部”。Tips：near，beside，bybeside和near都有“靠近”的意

10、思，beside强调“在旁边(at the side of)”，指两者的位置关系，多用于人；near意为“在附近(at a short distance from)”，表示两者之间的距离，多用于场所，另外near还可表示时间或程度等。by表示“在旁边”时含有“倚，凭，靠，沿着”等意。 Tips：along，across，through，byalong意为“沿着”，和动态动词连用，也可以和静态动词连用，表示“在空间的某一点上，在某一段空间里”。across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的，指从一端到另一端或成十字交叉穿过。across可以表示“在对面或另一边”，相当于oppos

11、ite。through的含义与in有关，表示动作从物体中间穿过，这个动作是在三维空间进行的。by表示从某物或某人的旁边经过。意义意义短语短语by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词工具的名词，名词前不加冠词by sea, by air, by bike, by car, by train (on foot)on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语修饰语on ones bike, in ones car, on a horse意义意义比较比较against意为意为“反对反对”

12、，此外还表示，此外还表示“倚靠着；逆着；以倚靠着；逆着；以为背为背景景”等等Are you for the proposal or against it?你支持这项提议还是反对？你支持这项提议还是反对？for表示表示“支持，赞成支持，赞成”，还可表，还可表示原因、目的等示原因、目的等意义意义比较比较between表示两者之间表示两者之间The secret is only between you and me.We will visit a town among mountains.among指在三者或三者以上之间指在三者或三者以上之间Tips: 有时between之后也可能出现3个或3个以上

13、的宾语， 但这时强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系。此外，当句中出现divide，share这类词时，如果后面跟着几个单数可数名词，则用between；如果后面是复数名词，则两者都可以。e.g.: From the top of the tree, the boy saw guns between the trees.He divided his money between John, Helen and his nephew.between classes(8) with, by, in 译为“用” with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词，物主代词等修饰。They a

14、re digging with a spade.We see with our eyes, hear with our ears and walk with our legs. by, in , on, over, through 等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。by hand(手工), in ink, on the telephone/Internet/air（in the air）, over /on the radio(by radio), through the telescope 使用语言，原料，材料时用 in in English、in blue ink、in a low voi

15、ce、in a word “用方法、方式”: in this way; by means of; with this methods by 表示使用某种交通工具，且前面不加冠词e.g.: by air/ bus/ sea(10)besides, except, except for, but, but forbesides 指“除了还有，再加上”，也可用in addition to。except 指“除了，减去”，不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似，表示“除了外”，经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。e.g.: I n

16、ever saw him reading anything but the newspaper. 除了报纸之外，我从来没见过他读过什么。except for表示“如无就，只是”，表明具体原因。e.g.: His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.除了少量拼写错误外，他的日记其他方面都很好。Tips：other than：意为意为“除除之外之外”，后可接名词、代词、动后可接名词、代词、动名词和动词原形名词和动词原形，并且可以与，并且可以与but，except互互换；但当换；但当except后接副词、介词短语和后接副词、介词短语和wh

17、en从句等时，从句等时，but/other than不可替换不可替换except。apart from：既可以表示既可以表示besides，又可以表示，又可以表示except或者或者except for，还可以表示，还可以表示without的意思。的意思。Tips：用于否定句时，besides，except与but可相互替换。No other students passed the difficult math exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.除林涛和吴东外，其他的学生都没有通过那次很难的数学考试。(11) as, like as, li

18、ke两者都可表示“如，像”。as表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词，但是在口语中也可用作连词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。e.g.: I long to fly like a bird in the sky. 我渴望像只小鸟一样在天空飞翔。e.g.: He works as a doctor in the hospital. 他在这家医院当医生。(12) because of/on account of, due to, thanks to, for，out ofbecause of/on account of 意思是“因为

19、，由于”，引起的介词短语通常作状语，可以放于句首或句中。e.g.: He didnt attend the meeting because of the heavy rain. 因为这场大雨他没有参加会议。due to 意思是“因为，由于”，通常只作表语，作状语时不用于句首。e.g.: His illness was due to smoking and drinking. 他生病是因为吸烟和喝酒。thanks to 意思是“因为，由于，多亏了”，多用于句首。e.g.: Thanks to his timely help, we finished the task in time. 多亏了他及

20、时的帮助，我们按时完成任务了。for 意思是“因为”，常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因，而but for表示“如果不是因为”。e.g.: He gave up smoking for his bad health. 因为身体不好他戒烟了。(13) before，by，until，tillbefore：早于；在：早于；在之前之前by： 表示表示“不迟于不迟于，在，在(某时某时)前前”。until：是比较正式的用法。在是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和持续性动词连用肯定句中和持续性动词连用，表示动作一直持续到表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止；在后面的时间为止；在否定句否定句中和瞬间性动词连用中

21、和瞬间性动词连用，表示该动作直到，表示该动作直到until后面的时后面的时间才开始。间才开始。till：意义与意义与until相同。相同。Practice makes perfect1.We should not judge a person _ his appearance but people make that mistake from time to time.2.It suddenly occurred _ him that he should adopt the homeless child.3.This music is too old-fashioned to appeal _

22、 young people any longer.4.All the approaches _ the airport were blocked by the police.5.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill _ which school education depends.Practice makes perfect6. The boy has made great progress _his teachers help.7. You should attach enough importance _ your Engl

23、ish.8. In the experiment class, we were told that these are the wires _ which different machines are connected.9. Without a good command _ (1) _ major body languages, we are likely _ (2) _(have) misunderstanding when communicating.Practice makes perfect1. Nancy is gifted for writing, which makes her

24、 well known at home and abroad.2. The Internet has made a great difference in people all over the world.3. He looked blank when he was informed his dismissal.4. The hotel manager will arrange a babysitter to look after the baby.5. The jokes the naughty boy played to the old people made many people a

25、ngry.6. He made some comments to the recent development of computer science.Practice makes perfect7.Jack is only five years senior than me, but he behaves as if he were my father.8.I sincerely hope that my suggestions will make a great difference on your future life and career.9.To my surprise, she

26、smiled and waved at me. All of a sudden, my heart was filled with warm. 10.Reading can benefit from us teenagers a great deal. 11.Besides, it has been proved that tea is beneficial of peoples health.二 其他常见的介词(1) with的主要含义有：(表示关系)和一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着；(表示方式)用；凭借；(表示原因)由于，因为Would you like to go to

27、the theater with me?你愿意和我一起去剧院吗？With time going by, they have grown into big boys and big girls.随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。(2) beyond的主要含义有：(表示位置)在另一边，在更远处；(表示程度)超出，非所能及 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.这个小村庄离城镇二十英里。Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.听了她感人的

28、故事后，每个人都被感动得无以言表。常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones reach/ones control“无法用语言形容、无法用语言描述、想象不出来、不能相信、够不着、管不了”。“I came to thank you，”she said, surprising me beyond speech. “我是来感谢你的。”她说。(听到这)让我惊讶地说不出话来。(3) over的主要含义有：(表示位置)在的正上方，在的上面；(表示方向)越过；(表示等级或数目)高于，在之上，超过；(表示时间或过程)在期间The airplane

29、 flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy over the past couple of weeks.Cover her over with a blanket.(adv.)（4）against有“违背，违逆；反对；对不利；倚；靠；碰撞；预防；衬托;与相比”之意。Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion u

30、s against depression.假期能帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量和缓解忧愁。We are playing against the league champions next week.Are you for or against the death penalty?Put the piano there, against the wall.His red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.The love story unfolds against a background of civil war.You mu

31、st weigh the benefits against the cost.（6）by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”，还可作“按；以计；依据”; “不迟于,在之前”；“经过”；讲。As far as I know, workers are generally paid by the month(by time).Come and sit by me.He walked by me without speaking.by check/ letter/e-mail/airIll have it done by tomorrow.By my watch it is two oclock.I took

32、him by the hand.（7） for有“就而言；从来看；意思是; 达，计；为;因为;持续”之意。The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.She was really small for her age of 12. 就她12岁的年龄来说，她的身材真很小。I took her classes for her while she was sick.Shaking your head for “no” is not universal.Im all for people having fun

33、.He got an award for bravery.Is this bus for Chicago?The road went on for miles and miles.（8）off 有“在离不远处；在沿海的海面”之意。The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake. 威尔饭店坐落于湖尽头的主干道附近一个非常安静的地方。The picture fell off from the wall.Dont leave the toothpaste with the top

34、off.The water is off.Shes off today.All shirts are 10% off.（9）across有“横跨”之意。It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the waters surface with its feet. 它可以在水面上跑数米的距离，通过用脚快速拍打水面避免弄湿全身。（10）on/upon有”;“刚就；一就”之意，后接名词或动词-ing形式。Rose received a big hug

35、 from her mother on her stepping out of the train.罗丝一下火车，她妈妈就给了她一个大大的拥抱。a picture on a wallTry lying on your back.on the plane/ bus/ my bike/ a horseA book on Chinese traditional cultureHave you got any money on you?on the left/ right; on a diet; on dutyon the phone/ Internet; on TV/ Channel 4You ca

36、n get me on 15887.(11) within可表示范围、程度，意为“在之内”。The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.政府正尽其所能地帮助那些受害者。三 介词短语5. 与out of 搭配的常用短语out of date/time 过时、过期out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 没门、绝不可能out of shape 变形out of fashion 不流行out of order 出了故障out of reach 遥不可及Tips：

37、 the key/answer/approach/entrance/visit to介词的固定搭配 1. 介词短语: on average 平均 in favor of支持with regard to 关于 rather than而不是in case of 如果, 假使 in detail详细地in vain 徒劳地 on purpose故意地in turn 依次 in general一般来说on the contrary 相反 in advance提前at the cost of 以的成本、代价apart from 除之外 in addition to 除之外instead of 代替 in

38、 need 急需, 在危难中in spite of 不管, 不顾 regardless of 不管, 不顾in charge of 负责, 主管 in exchange of 作为交换in return for 作为回报 out of sight 在视野之外out of question 不成问题 out of order 出故障, 混乱other than 除了, 不同于 beyond description 难以描述地by means of 依靠, 借助于 in terms of 就而言in honor of 为了纪念, 向表示敬意for the benefit of 为了利益by acc

39、ident/by chance 偶然, 意外地2. 介词在动词短语中的固定搭配用法: lead to 导致feel like 想要go against 违背 call for 需要, 要求agree with 同意, 赞同 care about关心, 介意apply to 适用于contribute to 贡献, 有助于, 促成appeal to 呼吁, 上诉, 对感兴趣remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事convince sb. of sth. 使某人确信某事3. 介词与形容词形成的固定搭配用法: be crazy about

40、着迷于, 热衷于be absorbed in 全神贯注于be popular with 受欢迎be enthusiastic about 热衷于be afraid of 对感到害怕的be proud of 对感到自豪的be particular about 对挑剔的be bored with 对感到厌倦的be strict with 对要求严格的介词与某些词类的搭配1形容词与介词的固定搭配形容词形容词at形容词形容词of形容词形容词withangry，mad，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，disappointed等等afraid，frightened，as

41、hamed，aware，convinced，short，full，fond，proud等等angry，connected，content，familiar, ,patient, ,pleased，popular，satisfied，strict等等形容词形容词in形容词形容词to形容词形容词for形容词形容词aboutweak，different，rich，interested，successful，absorbed，disappointed，experienced，confident等等good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，close，similar，familiar等等s

42、orry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry，responsible等等sorry，anxious，careless，certain，curious，enthusiastic，particular，optimistic等等2.名词与介词的固定搭配名词名词to名词名词in名词名词onkey，answer，visit，apology，introduction，attitude，monument，devotion等等interest，expert等等congratulations，effect等等3.动词与介词的固定搭配动词动词about动词动词for动词动词

43、at动词动词fromspeak，talk，think，worry等等answer，call，apply，beg，care，charge，hunt，hope，wish，long，search，seek等等aim，call，glare，glance，knock，laugh，point，stare等等date，die，differ，hear，keep，stop，prevent，learn，protect，result，separate，suffer等等动词动词of动词动词on动词动词in动词动词into动词动词toapprove，complain，consist，die，dream，think等等c

44、all，carry，depend，feed，insist，pass，try，rely等等break，call，cut，drop，fill，get，hand，join，persist，result，succeed等等burst，change，divide等等agree，attend，belong，compare，devote，get，lead，object，point，refer，reply，see等等二、高频介词短语荟萃1表示“状态”的介词短语at a loss不知所措at dinner在吃晚餐at peace处于和平状态 at war在战争中at work在工作 in high spirit

45、s情绪高昂in need处于困难中 in order整齐in rags穿着破烂 in surprise吃惊in trouble在困难中 on business因公出差on duty在值班 on holiday/vacation 在度假on sale在出售 on show在展出on strike在罢工 on the way在途中out of balance失去平衡 out of control失去控制out of danger脱离危险 out of date过期out of order出故障 out of work失业 2.表示“方式”的介词短语by accident偶然地 by chance偶

46、然地by hand手工地 by mistake错误地by nature天生地 by the month按月算by turns轮流 by weight按重量in cash用现金支付 in detail详细地in size在大小上 with ease轻易地with joy高兴地 with pleasure愉快地3表示“超出；难以”含义的介词短语beyond compare 无与伦比beyond comprehension 难以理解beyond control 失控beyond description 难以描述beyond expression 难以表达beyond reach 够不到4其他高频介词

47、短语against nature 违背自然at dawn 在黎明at the cost of 以的代价at the mercy of 任凭的摆布at the sight of 一看到就at the age of 在岁时in (the) face of 面对，面临in addition to 另外in case of 万一in charge of 负责，主管in exchange of 作为交换in favor of 赞成，支持in honor of 为了纪念in need of 需要in a hurry 匆忙in the hope of 带着的希望 in no way 决不in prepara

48、tion for 为作准备in response to 作为回应in return for 作为回报in spite of 尽管，虽然in the charge of 在的管理之下in the possession of 被拥有on account of 因为on behalf of 代表on condition that 在的条件下Practice makes perfectPractice makes perfectPractice makes perfectPractice makes perfect9. The mother continued to care for the youn

49、g panda _ more than two years. 10. I hate it when she calls me at work Im always too busy to carry _ a conversation with her. 11. Tony saw a toy _ a shop window. 12. My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows _ the bird.foroninatPractice makes perfect13. You should eat more fruit and vege

50、tables, which are rich of vitamins.14. Please help with me and give me some advice. 15. My soccer coach retired in last week.16. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.17. If we could show concern to others in need, the world would be a better plac