2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题.pdf
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1、2015 年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selectionof an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regardedas one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishmentequal to the crime. Recorded
2、in the Old Testament is the expression an eye for aneye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committedan offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. Thiscan be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributiv
3、ejustice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of moderntimes. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who hascommitted murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealistHegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal
4、 to give a punishment equalto the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his trueself and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restorethe self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his ownwill pay his debt. The d
5、emand of the death penalty is a right the state owes thecriminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion ofcorrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equalitybut to find a more adequate way to express
6、 it. It tries to preserve the idea of equalopportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminalis regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him tobecome a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causeof his anti
7、social behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisionsmust be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should bepermanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean thatcriminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up career
8、s of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it shouldbe administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assumea normal place in society. His conviction o
9、f crime must not deprive him of theopportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. Thebesttitleforthisselectionis()A. FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB. ApproachestoJustPunishmentC. ImprovementinLegalJusticeD. AttainingJusticeintheCourts2.Thepassageimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetween
10、retributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe( ).A.typeofcrimethatwasprovenB.severityforthepunishmentC.reasonforthesentenceD.outcomeofthetrial3.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe().A.forcedbrainsurgeryB.whippingC.solitaryconfinementD.theelectricchair4.TheBib
11、licalexpressionaneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto().A.prove,thatequalitydemandsjustpunishmentB.justifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawC.givemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeD.provethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjusticeIneveryknownhumansocietythemalesneedsforachievementcanberecogniz
12、ed.Inagreatnumberofhumansocietiesmenssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsome feat.ThisistheconclusionoftheanthropologistMargaretMeadabout
13、thewayinwhichtherolesofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfromcomplete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomenandaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefenceswhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheirhithertoacce
14、ptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesof各类考试资料 vx:344647 公众号:顺通考试资料occupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubtoftheseriousnessofwomenspretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.There
15、areagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmensstatus.Inthefirstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,in India,SriLankaandIsrael.Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especiallymarriedwomenandmothersofchildren.Morediffuselytherearetheincr
16、easinglynumerousconvergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesindressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsofhithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhum
17、anlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeoplessenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohu
18、ntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorousinitiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.5.Thephrasemenssurenessoftheirsexroleinthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey ( )A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.B.taketheinitiativeincourtship.C.haveaclearid
19、eaofwhatisconsideredmanly.D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.6.Thethirdparagraph ()A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphB.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphC.repeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph()A.isbasedonthestudyofarchae
20、ologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjokeD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor()A.approvesofB.arguesisnaturalC.completelyrejectsD.expectstogoonchangingFarmers i
21、n the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard toplan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the marketsets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massivegovernment subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.
22、Last monthU.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billionover the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get,and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said thestep was necessary to promote farmer independ
23、ence and preserve the farm way of lifefor generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control ofthe Senate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poo
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