2005年福建医大考博英语真题.pdf

1、2005 年福建医大考博英语真题Part I. Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions: Read the following five passages. Answer the questions below each passage bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMost American women know regular Pap smears cut the risk of cervical cancer, but thatdoesnt mea

2、n they go in to get the test. Half the women who develop the disease havent had a Pap test for three years. But a new test may one day offer a userfriendlieralternative. Two studies in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association reportthat a DNA test detects cervical cancer just as well a

3、s Pap smears do. Better yet, womencan collect samples for the test themselves. The Pap smear has caused a fivefold drop incervical cancer since 1960s. But since a doctor must take the smear during a pelvic exam,women who dont have access to gynecologists arent screened. So a self-collected testcould

4、 be good news for patients, like the 1,365 South Africans in one of the JAMA studies.They collected their own vaginal samples on swabs. Samples were sent to the United States,where a DNA test caught 66 percent of the womens cervical cancers; 68 percent were detectedby Pap smears. And when doctors co

5、llected the samples, that study, and a second one of CostaRican women, found that DNA tests actually caught more cancers than Pap smears.Does this mean women can bid farewell to the Pap test? Probably not. Doctors thinkcervical cancer is caused by the transmitted human papilloma virus. The DNA test

6、detectsgenetic material from 13 forms of it, which are found in 96 percents who have cervical cancer.But most young women who have papilloma virus dont actually develop cancer. So the testcan cause false alarms. DNA tests could prove useful for older women, though. Most womenfight off the virus befo

7、re they turn 40. If they dont, theyre more likely to get cervicalcancer. But theyre also less likely to get Pap smears because many stop visitinggynecologists after childbearing age, and the test gets more uncomfortable. So a quick,self-collected test could cut cervical cancer rates: “If we could ma

8、ke screening as easyas a urine test at the doctors office, we would get more coverage,” says Thomas Wright,lead author of the South African study and associate professor of Pathology at Columbia.Though true home testing awaits FDA approval and could be years away, general practitionerscould administ

9、er the test, too.Detection is one thing; treating cervical cancer is another. Doctors recently announcedthat a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cut the risk of death 30 to 50 percent.And researchers hope to someday prevent papilloma infections: “Ultimately, vaccines willbe the best way

10、we prevent cervical cancer worldwide,” Wright predicts. But for now, theDNA test could help mainly in countries that can afford the $6 billion the United Statesspends on Pap screening every year. But theres one important caveat: a new test will beuseful only if patients can get medical treatment aft

11、erward.1.The Pap smear _.A) has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since the 1960sB) caught 66 percent of the womens cervical cancersC) Caught more cancers than the DNA TestD) Is very convenient for women to do self-examination2.Why the DNA test cannot replace Pap smear?A) Doctors think cervi

12、cal cancer is caused by the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus.B) The DNA test detects genetic material from 12 forms of papillooma virus, which arefound in 96 percent of patients who have cervical cancer.C) Most young women who have papilloma virus dont actually develop cancer.D) The DNA tes

13、t can cause false alarms.3.Which of the following statement is not correct?A) Home DNA test has not yet been approved by DNA.B) DNA tests could prove useful for older women. Most women fight off the virus beforethey turn 40.C) Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemothera

14、py can curecervical cancer.D) The DNA test could help mainly in countries that cant afford the $6 billion theUnited States spends on Pap screening every year.Passage TwoAlthough language is used to transmit information, the informative functions oflanguage are fused with older and deeper functions s

15、o that only a small portion of oureveryday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language forstrictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course oflinguistic evolution. Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sortsof c

16、ries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Graduallythese noises seem to have become more differentiated, transforming the cries into languageas we know it today.Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we stilluse language as vo

17、cal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are usedas the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in pre-symbolicways. These pre-symbolic uses of language coexist with our symbolic system, so that thetalking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending o

18、f symbolic and pre-symbolic language.What we call social conversation is mainly pre-symbolic in character. When we are ata large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of theseconversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have anyinformative v

19、alue. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish arelationship.There is a principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem appropriatefor social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment ofcommunion, we are careful to select subjects a

20、bout which agreement is immediately possible.With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the strangerwear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation revealsthat we have friends or political views orartistic values or hobbies in common

21、, a friendis made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.4.The author uses the term “pre-symbolic language” to mean _.A) language used between friendsB) language that lacks an elaborate grammatical structure各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料C) nonverbal expressions used in communicatingD) lan

22、guage that does not convey specific information5.The primary value of pre-symbolic language for humans is that it _.A) Is common to all languages rather than unique to any one languageB) Permits and aids the smooth functioning of interpersonal relationshipsC) Helps us understand and express our emot

23、ionsD) Allows for a desirable amount of social mobility6.The most crucial difference between pre-symbolic and symbolic language lies in the_.A) origin and developmental path of each mode in linguistic evolutionB) degree to which each mode may be accompanied by expressive gesturesC) purposes served b

24、y each modeD) clarity each mode makes possiblePassage ThreeIn the ultrasound clinic, Suzie Woods stared at the screen in front of her. Thesonographer pressed the foetal probe over her abdomen, already stretched into a taughtlittle mound by months of pregnancy. “There are two embryos on the screen,”

25、he told her.“No, no, there should only be one,” Suzie insisted, her eyes now fixed intently on his.“Look, Ill show you,” he said. “There are two hearts beating on the screen.” “Thatmoment,” recalls Suzie, “would have to have been the most electric of my life. I wasabsolutely ecstatic that these two

26、gorgeous little people were all mine. “Suzie and thetwinsSimon and Sabrina, now seven monthsare part of an international populationexplosion, a twin boom in Western developed societies.Reluctant to interrupt satisfying careers, women are having babies later in life andincreasingly using fertility tr

27、eatments. These two factors mean Australian mothers arehaving more twins than ever before. In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia,a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier. This is despite staticfigures for the total number of births in 1988 and 1998. And the tr

28、end to multiple birthsshows no sign of abating. King George V hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown,for instance, has just beaten its own record: 68 twins were born in the past six monthsan increase of 40 percent on the previous six months, says the director of obstetrics,Dr. Andrew Chil

29、d. Overseas, the number of twins born in the United States has doubled since1980 and a similar, though more moderate, trend is evident in Britain, where twins as aproportion of all births are up a third since 1982.A twin industry has been spawned, especially in the U.S., where you can now have yourb

30、aby delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies.There are 10 US magazine title aimed at the parents of twins and at least three dozen books,along with twin strollers ans a whole range of other specialized goods. In Australia, thereis a new acceptance of the pro

31、blems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twinsleaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services. The NSWMultiple Birth Association has mushroomed from one support group of three mothers to 34clubs across the State in just 10 years.Most are bristling with a

32、ctivity, regularly sending newsletters and social calendarsto parents, holding information evenings and support groups, and offering hotlines, alibrary service and even advice on what brand of twin stroller mothers should buy. Moreimportantly, these groups are as generous with camaraderie as practic

33、al advice. “Oftenit was quicker to ring the Multiple Birth Association than look up the baby manual,” saysSuzie, who soon discovered that the euphoria at having twins was followed by a whole caravanof complications after they arrived.7.Why the Australian mothers are having more chances to have twins

34、 than ever before?A) Career women do not want to have babies early because they enjoy satisfyingprofessions or they have to work for a living.B) Australian women are born to have genetic capabilities to bear twins.C) Australian women are strong and fertile comparatively.D) Australian women prefer to

35、 use fertilizer in pregnancy.8.The author mentioned Suzie Woods at the beginning of the article to _.A) make his article sound catchyB) express how ecstatic Suzie was when she knew she had two embryosC) portray the following topic of the articleD) condemn the twin boost in the western countries9.Wha

36、t is the fact of Australias twin boom, according to the passage?A) In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on thefigure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier.B) The trend to multiple births shows no sign of declining.C) 68 twins were born in the past six-months in King Ge

37、orge V Hospital in the innerSydney suburb of Camperdown, which is an increase of 40 percent on the previous sixmonths.D) All of the above.10. Which of the following statement is NOT true about U.S. according to the passage?A) There are many magazines and books aimed at the parents of twins in U.S.B)

38、 There is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, andmothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of supportand services.C) Parents can have their babies delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and lookedafter by specialist nannies.D) The nu

39、mber of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980.Passage FourUntil recently doctors were taught that the human body lives in homeostasis, changinglittle during the day. The science of chronobiologythe study of how time affects lifeis sparking a medical revolution by revealing how much

40、our bodies change through circadian(daily) rhythms.These natural biological rhythms are as vital as our heart beat. By learning theirsecrets, we are discovering new ways to prevent and cure illness. There isnt a functionin your body that doesnt have its own rhythm.While you sleep, your blood pressur

41、e falls, our temperature drops more than a degreefrom its daily afternoon high, and some blood pools in your body s extremities. Come morning,the body has to “jump start” itself from its sleeping to waking stages with a surge ofexcitation chemicals calls catecholamines. Heart rate increases and bloo

42、d vessels constrict,raising blood pressure and reducing blood flow to heart muscle; this might cause ischemia,or angina, as well as sudden death from myocardial infarction. If hardened plaques ofcholesterol coat arteries, fragments may break loose, causing the clots that lead to heartattacks.When a

43、leap from bed and a surge of catecholamines combine to “get your blood moving” ,your blood is near its daily peak in thickness and tendency to clot. Packing kids off toschool and rushing to get ready for work add emotional tension to the physical stress.This circadian cardiovascular risk comes not f

44、rom your bedside clock but from yourinterior biological clock. Whatever hour you get up, your peak risk of myocardial infarctionwill come within two to three hours after awakening.The master timekeepers in our bodies help synchronize us with such outside cycles asday and night. Like orchestra conduc

45、tors, they coordinate hundreds of functions inside us.Our body dances through the day to complex inner rhythms of rising and falling tides ofhormones, immune cells, electrolytes and amino acids.Most people enjoy a peak in short-term memory and mental quickness in the late-morninghours until shortly

46、afternoon. Then a measurable dip in energy and efficiency begins around1 p.m. In some Mediterranean cultures, shops close during the afternoon for a period ofsiesta.In the afternoon, exercise endurance, reaction time and manual dexterity are at theirhighest. Some research indicates that from then un

47、til early evening, athletes put in theirbest performances. From 6:30 p.m. until 8:30 p.m. is the sharpest time of day for long-termmemory, an optimal time to study.Our daily rhythms can bring a dark side to the evening, however. These hours includea second daily peak in heart attacks, although small

48、er than the mornings. Around 7 p.m.,alcohol takes longer to be cleared by your liver, and hence can be more intoxicating andperformance-impairing than at other times of dayexcept 11 p.m. which brings a second peakof high ethanol susceptibility.Students often cram during late-night and early-morning

49、hours. Research, however, showsthis is the time of the circadian cycle when long-term memory, comprehension and learningare at their worst.Sensitivity to pain has generally increased throughout the day; it reaches its peaklate at night. But by early morning the body may have doubled its night time l

50、evels of betaendorphins, which help relieve pain. Researchers theorize that this is what increases thebodys pain tolerance during the hours after awakening.For most of us, sleep is a time of life renewal. Within the first 90 minutes or so ofsleep, we reach our daily peak of growth hormone, which may