自考27037英语语言学概论（江苏）密训高频考点重点汇总.pdf

1、目录第一章 Language（语言）.1第二章 Linguistics（语言学）.3第三章 Phonetics（语音学）.5第四章 Phonology（音系学）.8第五章 Morphology（形态学）. 10第六章 Syntax（句法学）. 12第七章 Semantic（语义学）.15第十三章 Schools of Modern Linguistics（现代语言学流派）. 161/17第一章第一章 Language（语言）（语言）1. 语言的定义1. 语言的定义【针对每一个定义可能以单选、判断、填空的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1. Language is a system 语言是一个系统

2、（1）Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules.语言元素是按规则组合的，每种语言都包含一组规则。（2）Every language contains two systems: a system of sounds and a system of meanings.每种语言都包含两个系统：一个声音系统和一个意义系统。2. Language is arbitrary 语言是任意的（1）There is usually no intr

3、insic or logical connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol standsfor. 语言符号与符号所代表的内容之间通常没有内在联系。（2）In fact, the existence of homophones is a good illustration of arbitrariness of language.事实上，同音异义词的存在是语言任意性的一个很好的例证。3.Language is symbols 语言是一种符号Words are associated with objects, action

4、s, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Every symbol consists of twoparts: a concrete object or form and the meaning or idea which the object or form conveys.词语只与物体、行为、思想等联系在一起，这是约定俗成的。每个符号都由两个部分组成：一个具体的对象或形式，以及该对象或形式所传达的意义或想法。4.Language is vocal 语言是有声的Language is vocal because the primary medium f

5、or all languages is sound. Sound or speech is the primarymedium for all human languages. Two types of symbols may be identified: visual and auditory symbols.语言是有声的，因为所有语言的主要媒介是声音。声音或言语是所有人类语言的主要媒介。两种符号可以识别：视觉符号和听觉符号。5.Language is used for human communication 语言用于人类交流Language is used for human commun

6、ication because language is possessed only by human beings and it allowspeople to say things to one another and to express their thoughts and needs.语言是人类交流的工具，因为语言只有人类才拥有，它允许人们互相交谈，表达他们的思想和需求。2. 语言的本质特征2. 语言的本质特征【针对每一个特征可能以单选、判断、填空、翻译的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1. productivity 多产性【翻译】It refers to the ability th

7、at people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences intheir native language, including sentences they never heard before.人们在造句和理解大量本族语方面的能力，包括未听过的句子。2.discreteness 离散性【翻译】It refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.离散性是指语言中的声音

8、具有区分意义的现象。例：由于/b/ /p/存在差异，所以 pad 和 bad 这两个单词的意义也不相同。3.displacement 位移性【翻译】自考押题考点串讲复习资料微信 3446472/17It refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real ornot real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in faraway places.人类语言可

9、以用来谈论现在或不是现在、真实或不真实的事情，以及过去、现在或未来，或在遥远的地方的事情。4.arbitrariness 任意性【翻译】Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and itsmeaning.任意性是指语言形式与意义之间没有必然关系的现象。5.culture transmission 文化传递性【翻译】(1)Language is passed on from one generation to the next

10、 through teaching and learning, rather than byinheritance.语言是通过教与学代代相传的，而不是通过遗传。(2)In fact only human beings have a special capacity for learning that is not shared by other animals.事实上，只有人类才有学习语言的特殊能力，这是其他动物所没有的。6.Duality or double articulation 二重性【翻译】Language is a system of two sets of structures,

11、 one of sounds and the other of meaning.语言是由两个结构组成的系统，一个是声音，另一个是意义。7.interchangeability 互换性【翻译】It means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.任何人都可以既是消息的生产者又是消息的接收者。3.3. 语言的功能语言的功能【针对每一个功能可能以单选、判断、填空、翻译的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1.instrumental function 工具功能【翻译】It refers to the

12、fact that language allows speakers to get things done.语言允许说话者完成某事的事实。2.regulatory function 调节功能【翻译】It refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen.语言试图在事件发生后控制事件。3.representational function 表现功能【翻译】(1)It refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the wor

13、ld, to report events, to makestatements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.使用语言来交流关于世界的知识，报告事件，进行陈述，解释关系，传递信息等等。(2)Telling lies is an example of representational function of human language.说谎是人类语言表现功能的一个例子。4.interactional function 互动功能【翻译】It refers to language u

14、sed to ensure social maintenance. 语言用于确保维持社交。5.personal function 自指性功能【翻译】It refers to language used to express the individuals feelings,emotions and personality.语言用来表达个人感情，展示个性。6.heuristic function 启发功能【翻译】It refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding of the world.语言用于获

15、得知识和了解世界而使用。7.imaginative function 想象功能【翻译】3/17(1)It refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systemsor utopian visions one the one hand,or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. 语言可以用来创造想象系统，无论是文学作品、哲学体系，还是乌托邦式的幻想，或者是白日梦和发呆遐想。(2)The

16、function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.想象功能使生活能够感同身受，并有助于满足众多深层次的艺术需求。第第二章二章 Linguistics（语言学语言学）1. 1. 语言学的定义语言学的定义【针对每一个划线部分可能以单选、判断、填空的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1. General linguistics and descriptive linguistics 普通语言学与描写语言学【翻译】(1)General linguistics deals

17、with language in general. 普通语言学以人类所有语言为研究对象。(2)Descriptive linguistics is concerned with one particular language. 描写语言学研究的是一种特定的语言。(3)General linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other.普通语言学与描写语言学是相互依存的。2.Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics共时语言学与历时语言学【翻译】(1)Syn

18、chronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.共时语言学是对语言在某一特定时间点的描述。(2)Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that havetaken place in it between successive points in time.历时语言学追溯语言的历史发展，记录语言在各个时间

19、点之间所发生的变化。3.Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics理论语言学与应用语言学【翻译】(1)Theoretical linguistics copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures andfunctions. 理论语言学研究语言是为了建立语言的结构和功能理论。(2)Applied linguistics is concerned with the application of the concepts and findi

20、ngs of linguistics to all sorts ofpractical tasks. 应用语言学是把语言学的概念和研究成果应用于各种实践任务的学科。4.Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics微观语言学与宏观语言学【翻译】(1)Microlinguistics studies only the structure of language system. 微观语言学只研究语言系统的结构。(2)Macrolinguistics deals with everything that is related in any way at all to la

21、nguages and language.宏观语言学研究的是任何与语言以及和语言有关的事物。2.2. 语言学的科学性语言学的科学性【针对每一个句子的划线部分可能以单选、判断、填空、的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1. The scientific method involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, the hypothesis, drawingconclusions.科学的研究方法涉及四个阶段：收集材料，提出假设，验证假设，得出结论。2.Studying something scientifically mea

22、ns investigating something and objectively.科学地研究某事意味着系统地、客观地研究事物。3.simplicity 简洁性【翻译】指进行复杂的分析或证明当中应力求语言的简洁，不拖泥带水，不冗长矛盾。4.adequacy 充分性【翻译】语言学家应收集并分析所有既得资料或数据，并给予充分的解释，不能丢三落四。4/175.consistency 一致性【翻译】在分析过程中前后观点要一致，至少不能前后矛盾。3.3. 语言学的主要分支学科语言学的主要分支学科【针对每一个句子可能以单选、判断、填空、名词解释的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1.Phonetics 语音

23、学【翻译】It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.语音学关注世界语言中出现的所有声音。2.Phonology 音位学【翻译】It deals with whether a sound can differentiate the meanings of words and how sounds are put together and usedto convey meaning in communication.音位学主要研究一个声音是否能够区分单词的含义，以及声音是如何组合在一起并用于传达交际

24、中的意义的。3.Morphology 形态学【翻译】It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. 形态学研究词的内部结构，以及词形成的规律。4.Syntax 句法学【翻译】It concentrates on how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined into sentences.它集中于单词如何组合成短语以及短语如何组合成句子。5.Semantics 语义学【翻译】It stu

25、dies the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.它研究单词、短语和句子的意义。6.Pragmatics 语用学【翻译】Meaning in use or meaning in context. 语境中的意义。4.4. 语言学中几组重要的区别性概念语言学中几组重要的区别性概念【针对每一对概念的解释可能以单选、判断、填空、名词解释的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1.Synchronic and diachronic 共时与历时【翻译】Synchronic： The description of a language at some point of

26、 time.共时研究是在某一时间点对一种语言的描述。Diachronic：The description of a language as it changes through time.历史研究是一种语言随着时间的变化而变化的描述。2.Langue and parole 语言与言语(1)Langue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community.语言是指一个言语共同体的所有成员所共有的抽象语言学体系。(2)Parole refers to the concre

27、te act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.言语是指说话人在实际情况下的具体言语行为。(3)Saussure is the father of modern linguistics.索绪尔是“现代语言学之父”。3.Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用【翻译】(1)Competence is ones knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems.语言能力是一个人对所有语言规则系统的知识。(2)Performance is

28、 the use of language in concrete situation. 语言运用是语言在具体情境中的运用。(3)Performance is more concrete than competence. 语言运用比语言能力更具体。(4)Chomsky defines the linguistic performance as the use of language in concrete situations.5/17乔姆斯基将语言表现定义为具体情况下语言的使用。4.Speech and writing口头语与书面语(1)Speech is the spoken form of

29、 language. Speech is primary.口头语是语言的口语形式。口头语是首要的。(2)Writing is written codes, gives language new scope and uses.书面语是一种书写代码，赋予语言新的范围和用途。(3)Generally children learn to much earlier than they learn to read and write.一般来说，孩子们学会说话要比他们学会读和写早得多。5.Linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavio

30、r 语言行为潜势与实际语言行为【翻译】(1)Linguistic behavior potential: each of possible linguistic items that he could have said.人们可能会说的每个可能的语言项目。(2)Actual linguistics behavior：People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person.人们实际上在某个场合对某个人说话。(3)According to Halliday, what a person could have said is ca

31、lled linguistic behavior potential.韩礼德认为，人们可能会说的（语言项目）被称为语言行为潜能。6.Syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation 横组合关系与纵聚合关系【翻译】(1)Syntagmatic relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence. It refers tothe sequential characteristic of speech.横组合关系是指句子中词和短语的线性顺

32、序。横组合关系指的是语言的序列特点。(2)Paradigmatic relation are those holding between comparable elements at particular places in structure.纵聚合关系是指结构中特定位置的相似元素之间的关系。7.Verbal communication and non-verbal communication 言语交际与非言语交际【翻译】(1)Verbal communication: The usual use of language as a means of transmitting informat

33、ion.言语交际指的是通常使用语言作为传递信息的手段。(2)Non-verbal communication: The ways we convey meaning without using language.非言语交际不使用语言来传达意义的方式。例：body language 身体语言，就是非言语交际。肢体语言即使没有语言也同样可以交际。8.Traditional grammar and modern linguistics 传统语法与现代语言学(1)Traditional grammar was based upon earlier grammar of Latin or Greek,

34、and laid emphasis on correctness. 传统语法以拉丁语或希腊语的早期语法为基础，强调正确性。(2)Modern linguistics：Structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学；Transformational generative grammar（TGgrammar）转换生成语法。(3)Structuralist linguistics describes linguistic features in term of structures and systems.结构主义语言学从结构和系统的角度描述语言特征。第三章第三章 Phoneti

35、cs（语音学语音学）1. 1. 语音学及其分支语音学及其分支 【针对每一个语音学的解释可能以单选、判断、填空的形式考查，总体可能考查简答题】1. Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学【翻译】The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics deals with how6/17a sound is transmitted from the speakers mouth to the listeners ears. 声学语言学是对语音的物理性

36、质和传递的研究。声学语音学研究声音是如何从说话者的口中传入听话者的耳朵中的。2.Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学【翻译】The study of the way hearers perceive these sounds. 研究听者对这些声音的感知方式。3.Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学【翻译】The study of how speech organs produce the sounds. 研究语音器官如何产生声音。2.2. 发音器官发音器官 1.The vocal tract is made up of two parts: oral cavit

37、y and nasal cavity. 发音系统由口腔和鼻腔两部分组成。2.Not all the sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols (e.g. sneezes, grunts, coughs arenot symbolic). 并非所有由人类语言器官发出的声音都是语言符号(例如，打喷嚏、咕噜、咳嗽不是符号)。3 3. . 辅音的分类辅音的分类1.依据软腭位置分为：口腔辅音（oral consonants）和鼻腔辅音（nasal consonants）【翻译】2.声带的振动与否：清辅音（voiced co

38、nsonant）和浊辅音（voiceless consonants）【翻译】3.依据发音部位：双唇音、唇齿音、舌齿音、齿龈音、齿龈后音、齿龈硬腭音、硬腭音、软腭音、声门音(1)Bilabials 双唇音【翻译】Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips.双唇音是指用双唇来阻止或限制空气流动的辅音。p b m w(2)Labiodentals 唇齿音【翻译】Labiodentals: consonant brought about by bri

39、nging the bottom lip to the upper teeth.唇齿音是由下嘴唇和上齿产生的。f v(3)Dentals/interdentals 舌齿音【翻译】Dentals: consonant for which the flow of air is restricted by catching the tongue between the teeth.通过咬住牙齿之间的舌头来限制空气流动。 (4)Alveolars 齿龈音【翻译】Alveolars: consonant produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into co

40、ntact with the upper teeth-ridge to createthe obstruction. 通过舌尖与上齿龈接触产生的辅音。t d s z n l(5)Palatals 硬腭音【翻译】Palatals: consonants made by bringing the back of the tongue to the hard palate.把舌头的后部放到硬腭上的辅音。c j(6) Velars 软腭音【翻译】Velars: consonants made by bringing the back of the tongue to the soft palate.把

41、舌头的后部放到软腭上的辅音。k g(7) Glottals 声门音【翻译】Glottals: sounds produced by bringing the vocal cords momentarily together to create the obstruction.将声带瞬间聚集在一起造成阻塞所产生的声音。h4.依据发音方式：爆破音(stops)、摩擦音(fricatives)、破擦音(affricates)、流音(liquids)、滑音(glides)。(1)Stops can be divided into (oral stops) and nasals (nasal stops

42、).爆破音可分为塞音 （plosives） 和鼻音 （nasals） 。In the production of sounds like f, v, , , s, z, , , h, the airstream is not completely stopped but is obstructed7/17from flowing freely. The passage is so narrow that the air causes friction. Such sounds are called fricatives.在fv s z h 这些音产生时，气流不是完全被阻止，而是被阻止自由流动。

43、通道太窄，空气会引起摩擦，这样的音被称为摩擦音。(2)If we first stop the airstream and then immediately release it slowly, we get sounds like tr in church and din judge; these are called affricates.首先阻止气流，然后立即缓慢释放的音被称为破擦音。5.【该部分会考查发音系统题，需针对每个发音记住相应的发音部位和发音方式】参照下图4 4. . 元音的分类元音的分类1.According to the state of the velum,vowels

44、are divided into oral vowels and nasal vowels.根据软腭的状态，元音被分成口腔元音和鼻腔元音。【翻译】2.The rounded vowels are different form the unrounded vowels in terms of the shape of the lips.圆元音与非圆元音的区别在于嘴唇的形状。3.In terms of tension of the muscles at pharynx, vowels are grouped into tense vowels and lax vowels.根据咽部肌肉的紧张程度，

45、元音分为紧元音和松元音。【翻译】4.The high vowels are different from the low vowels in terms of the tongue position。高元音与低元音的不同在于就舌头的位置。5.The sound i can be described as a (n) (oral front high unrounded lax) vowel.i可被描述为口元音、前元音、高元音、不圆唇元音、松元音。6.The sound e is (an oral front mid unrounded) vowel.e可被描述为口元音、前元音、中元音、不圆唇元

46、音。7.Triphthongs 三元音【翻译】Triphthongs are produced by a glide from one vowel to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one.三连音是由一个元音滑到另一个元音，然后快速连续地滑到第三个元音而产生的。8.The diphthongs can be further divided into two sub-groups: diphthongs and closing diphthongs.双元音可以进一步分为两个子群：中心双元音和闭合双元音。8/17第四章第

47、四章 Phonology（音系学音系学）1 1. . 语音学和音系学的差异语音学和音系学的差异1.Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech. 语音学和音韵学都与口语有关。2.English phonology studies the abstract aspects: the functions of sounds and the sound combination patterns.英语音位学研究是抽象的方面：声音的功能和声音的组合方式。2 2. . 音位音位、音子音子、音位变体音位变体1.A phoneme【翻译】 is

48、defined as a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language.音位被定义为在语言的发音系统中最小的具有甄别性特征的单位。2.allophones（音位变体）【翻译】the realizations of a particular phoneme（特定音位的实现）3.phones（音子）【翻译】the realizations of phonemes in general（一般音位的实现）4.allomorphs（语素变体）【翻译】 the realizations of a particular morpheme

49、（特定语素的实现）5.morphs（语子）【翻译】the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realizemorphemes（语素的一般实现形式，是语素实现的实际形式）3 3. . 最小对立体最小对立体1.minimal set 最小对立集【翻译】Technically, in a pair, the two forms are different in meaning.从学术上讲，在最小对立体中，这两种形式在意义上是不同的。2.Two forms are a when they meet

50、 three conditions: 1)they are different in meaning, 2) they differ only in onesound segment, 3)the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings .When a group of words meet allthe three conditions,they are called a minimal set.当两种形式符合以下三种条件时， 他们就是最小对立体或者最小对立对，第一，他们的意思不一样；第二，他们只有一个语音切分不一