2021年中考英语阅读理解解题方法与技巧课件.pptx

1、中考英语阅读理解解题方法与技巧初中生阅读理解失分原因未读懂文章似懂非懂看懂文章而做错未读懂文章生词多，词汇量少不熟悉固定搭配语法知识欠缺，长句困扰缺少背景知识似懂非懂阅读能力较差看懂文章而做错文章理解错误（词、句、段、主旨）只懂字面意思，未深入理解文章未准确理解题干未注意选项与文章内容的细微差别未核准文章内容，仅凭印象选择推断错误初中生做阅读面临的三大难题读不懂找不到选不对任何的方法技巧都是建立在一定的知识水平基础之上 掌握具体事实和重要细节掌握具体事实和重要细节运用构词法、语境线索等方法运用构词法、语境线索等方法依据主题句定短文的中心依据主题句定短文的中心020301讲究阅读方法01依据主题

2、句定短文的中心依据主题句定短文的中心 任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的。段落之间有着内在的紧密联系，而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句，通常置于段落的开头，有时在段落末尾和中间。 其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的，若把一个个主题句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句（等困难信号）所带来的干扰。 但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中，因而要综观全文，对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。如：如： My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommoda

3、tion wasnt wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food ), and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air.On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had com

4、e with Amanda. There were some other members I didnt know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area.We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we chan

5、ged at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (岩洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what wed done. This passage mainly talks about _.A. the writers friends at the Acti

6、vity CenterB. the writers experience at the Activity CenterC. outdoor sports at the Activity CenterD. how to go rock-climbing and caving参考答案B 上述这段短文的中心是说明“the writers experience at the Activity Center.”。作者以及作者的朋友，还有组上的其他一些成员一起在活动中心度周末的一些活动以及感受。02掌握具体事实和重要细节掌握具体事实和重要细节阅读文章时，要求学生养成辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯。因为

7、具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证，是用来支持和说明中心思想的，而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。如：如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” Im sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do.” because I think music is an important part of our lives. Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because its

8、 so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士乐). She thinks jazz is really cool. “I like dance musi

9、c and rock very much.” says my brother, “because they are amazing.”But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (轻松的) music,” she says. Thats why she likes country music, I think.The writer likes music because he thinks _.A. its an exciting part of our lives B. its an amazing part of o

10、ur lives C. its an important part of our livesWhat kind of music does the writer like? A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music.Who likes dancing? A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane.The writers mother thinks that country music is _.A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing How

11、 many peoples ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. 这是几道重要事实和细节的辨认题，全是围绕短文的主题句“Different people have different ideas about music”来展开说明的，起补充举例作用。答案分别为 C A B C B。03运用构词法、语境线索等方法运用构词法、语境线索等方法在阅读文章的过程中，常常会遇到一些生词，如果不懂得这些词义就会妨碍理解，但大部分生词的词义是可以根据上下文，结合构词法、借助文章中的语境线索帮助在理解基

12、础上猜测其词义，这有助于加快阅读速度，提高阅读理解能力。如：如：Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all

13、 the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away.

14、 “Erosion” in the passage means _. A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蚀 D. 霜冻 根据前面的语句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills.解释可以推知erosion是一种自然地理现象，即“侵蚀”，答案为C。 指代题指代题 词汇题词汇题 句子理解题句子理解题 例证题02030401CONTENT目录0506 推理题推理题 主旨题主旨题 1.例证

15、题：例证题：例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case等词时。返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉

16、出来让你去选。()要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。点，从哪开始到哪结束。You also might have heard that sleepwalkers can get frightened if you wake them up. Thats true, so what do you do if you see someone sleepwalking? You should call for a grown-up who can lead the person back to

17、 bed. And once the sleepwalker is tucked back in bed, its time for you to get some sleep, too!(2020 河南)What should we do if we see people sleepwalking?AWake them up. BWalk around with them.CDo nothing and get your own sleep.DAsk grown-ups to lead them to bed.根据最后一段中“You should call for a grown-up wh

18、o can lead the person back to bed.”可知，如果你看到有人在梦游，你应该找个成年人带他回去睡觉。故选D。242.指代题：指代题：返回原文，找出出题的指代词。向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远)。将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。What does the word “they ” refer to (指的是)？A.foragers B.ramps C.customersD.restaurantssome small

19、 pieces of land where they grow可得知“they”指的是 ramps由第五段第三句话 Most restaurants get them from foragers, who collect ramps by searching forests for some small pieces of land where they grow.One reason the plant is popular is that it grows in the wild. It is difficult to grow them on farms. Most restaurant

20、s get them from foragers, who collect ramps by searching forests for some small pieces of land where they grow. Ramps have a short season. Within a few weeks of full growth, the plant is done for the year. This shot life is some reason for their popularity.（2018河南）3.词汇题（单词或短语）：词汇题（单词或短语）：“搜索代入搜索代入”法

21、：法：返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。确定该词汇的词性。从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适。找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选项，即答案。注意：注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。b.中考阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，

22、所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。 Cait, 11, was trying to fall asleep when her 8-year-old brother, Doug, came into her

23、room. He looked around, but seemed really out of it. Then Doug went back into the hallway and stood there looking straight up at the light. This was really strange. Cait didnt know what to do. Just then, Caits father appeared and explained Doug was sleepwalking. （2020河南）What does “out of it” most pr

24、obably mean in Chinese?A茫然不觉B心满意足C垂头丧气D悠然自得根据下文中“Caits father appeared and explained Doug was sleepwalking. Sleepwalkers eyes are open, but they dont see the same way they do when theyre awake.”可知，道格正在梦游，梦游者的眼睛是睁开的，但与他们醒着的时候看东西的方式不同，所以虽然道格环顾四周，但是他毕竟是在梦游，此处划线部分out of it的意思是“茫然不觉”，表示“他看东西的方式和醒着的时候不一样”

25、。故选A。4.句子理解题：句子理解题：返回原文找到原句。对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析(找主干)，应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定，则依据上下文进行判断。注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其它英语词汇换种表达而已。句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。思路：对句子微观分析思路：对句子微观分析?不行就依据上下文不行就依据上下文?选择时不要推得过远。选择时不要推得过远。5.推理题：推理题：“最近原则最近原则”标志：learn, infer, imply,inform看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回

26、原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考察我们的想象力，它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。是关键。6.

27、主旨题：主旨题：“串线摘帽串线摘帽”即在自然段少的时候串串线，串线法解不出来时，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。主旨题的标志：mainly about,mainly discuss,the best title串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。(主要针对自然段少的文章;针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的) 小心首段陷阱。小心首段陷阱。主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容;范围过宽，即选项的内容大于文章的内容。逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，

28、试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。In Cos Angel, a waiter served a group of teens. The waiter remembered his experience as a young high school prudent. So he made sure the teens had a pleasant experience at the restaurant. The waiter made sure of it.After serving all the teens doi

29、ng a great job, he was left a tip（消费）,only$3.28. That was hardly enough to buy a drink at Roebucks.The waiter went home. And he felt hatred for the students who did not know the value of hard work. They looked down on people like him. Or so he thought.“Having no idea of how small this really was ,we

30、 left. Later, we realized our mistake and felt terrible. We knew we had to make it right.“So together with this letter, you wail find the correct 18% tip + extra for simply being amazing. Thank you for your help and patience and also thank you for making our night fun. Thank you!”What did the group

31、of tees try to say in the letter?A. They were quite thankful for the waiters service. B.They had realized their mistake and made it right.C.They had a wonderful experience at the restaurant. D.They wanted more customers to go to the restaurant. 从 Later, we realized our mistake and felt terrible. We

32、knew we had to make it right及“ So together with this letter, you will find the correct18% tip+ extra for simply being amazing.可得知他们最想做的是纠正自己的错误,所以B正确 判断题细节题重点题型中的几个问题重点题型中的几个问题作者态度题02030401CONTENT目录0506 正确答案的特征正确答案的特征 错误答案的特征错误答案的特征1.作者态度题：作者态度题：标志：attitude应精确理解四个选项的含义。不要掺杂自己的观点。可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。 如：

33、fortunately, excessively, too many. 举例的方式。抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。的态度。2.判断题：判断题：看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。每个选项都应返回原文，不能凭主观印象进行判断。要重点抓是“三错一对”还是“三对一错”的关系(做题是要看清题目)。 3.细节题：细节题：看完题目回到原文，重叠原文，得出答案4.重点题型中的几个问题：重点题型中的几个问题：词汇题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推

34、测其深刻含义句子理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。推理题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。5.正确答案的特征：正确答案的特征：正确答案经常与中心思想有关。正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can, may, might,possible等 正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。6.错误答案的特征：错误答案的特征：第一大层次：无中生有(未提及的概念);正反混淆(选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反

35、);所答非所问(虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边)第二大层次：过分绝对;扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly);因果倒置;常识判断;推得过远; 偏离中心;变换词性。常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现;如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。干扰选项的特点干扰选项的特点1.看似合理，其实以偏概全、断章取义。要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项。要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的次要的观点当成主要观点。因此我们要从文中找依据，找答案，看似合理的不一定就是正确答案。在主旨题中，应该排除细节干扰，把握文章主题。2.偷梁换柱，张冠李戴。要么对原句中的细微处做了改动，要么截取文章中的词语或类似结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果，把果说成因，把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此我们要注意，过于相似的选项不一定正确，除非程度、范围都与原文完全一致。我们要注意：“原文越多，对的可能性越小”!3.用常规含义代替偏用词义。词意句意题中，通常把要考察的词或句的常规含义作为干扰项。4.过度引申。要注意选项是不是大大超出了文章允许的范围，切勿过度发挥。5.最具迷惑性的选项是一半对一半错的! Nothing is impossible! 没有什么不可能!