自考00832英语词汇学密训高频考点重点汇总.pdf

1、目录目录简介.1Chapter 1 词与词汇的基本概念.1Chapter 2 英语词汇的发展.2Chapter 3 构词法一（Word Formation ）. 4Chapter 4 构词法二（Word Formation ）.5Chapter 5 词义 (Word Meaning).6Chapter 6 语义关系与语义场.8Chapter 7 词义的变化（Changes in Word Meaning）.10Chapter 8 词义与语境（Meaning and Context）.11Chapter 9 英语习语（English Idioms）.12Chapter 10 英文词典（Engli

2、sh Dictionaries）.141/16简介简介知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容0.1 性质与领域（性质与领域（Nature andDomain）1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。2.English lexicology is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and ofEnglish words

3、 in particular. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。它主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。3.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法的一个分支，主要通过语素的结构来研究单词的结构或形式。4.Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of

4、 the form andmeaning of words. 词源学传统上用于研究单词的形式和意义的起源和历史。5.Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the users choices of linguistic elementsin a particular context for special effects. 文体学是研究文体的学科。 它关注的是用户在特定的语境中对语言元素的选择，以达到特殊的效果。6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems:

5、the form, meaning, origins andusages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学与词汇学探讨相同的问题：词汇的形式、意义、起源和用法，但它们有语用上的差异。0.2 与其他科目的相关性（与其他科目的相关性（Relation toOtherDisciplines）1.English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. But it embraces other academicdisciplines, such as morphology,

6、semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography.英语词汇学本身是语言学的一个分支。但它也包括其他学科，如形态学、语义学、语源学、文体学、词典学。2.Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels：lexis, syntax, utterance,discourse, etc. But lexicology will focus on the lexical level. 语义学是研究语言不同层次的意义。词汇、句法、说话、话语等，但词汇学将侧重于词汇层面。0.3 学习

7、方法（学习方法（Methods ofStudy）1.There are generally two approaches to the study of words namely synchronic anddiachronic. 一般有两种研究词汇的方法，即共时法和历时法。2.From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. 从共时角度来看， 可以不考虑词汇所发生的变化而专门研究某一特定时期

8、内的词汇。3.From a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into itsorigin and changes in form and meaning. 从历时的角度来看， 研究词汇的起源和在形式和意义上的变化。Chapter 1 词与词汇的基本概念（词与词汇的基本概念（Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary)知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容1.1 词的定义词的定义1.A word is a minimal free form of a

9、 language that has a given sound and meaning and自考押题 vx 344647 公众号/小程序 顺通考试资料2/16（What Is aWord） syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。(1) a minimal free form of a language（语言的最小自由形式）(2) a sound unity（一种声音的集合） (3) a unit of meaning（一个词是一个意义单位） (4) a form that can functionalone in a senten

10、ce（句子中能独立起作用的一个形式）1.2 声音与意义声音与意义（Sound andMeaning）1.In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.在不同语言中，同一概念可用不同的音表示。2.The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional.音与义之间的关系是约定俗成的。3.Aword is a symbol. 词是一种符号。1.3 音与形音与形（Sound andForm）1.sound and form 不一致

11、的原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 拉丁字母表（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years 发音比拼写变得快（3）some of the differences were created by the early scribes 抄写错误（4）the borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary 外来词1.5 词汇的分类词汇的

12、分类（Classificationof EnglishWords）1.By use frequency 频率：(1)Basic word stock & Nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇与非基本词汇2.By notion 概念：Content words & Functional words 实义词与功能词3.By origin 起源：Native words & Borrowed words 本族词与外来词4.实词和虚词及特点：(1)实义词(Content words) Denote clear notions：include nouns, verbs, adjectives

13、, adverbsand numerals. 明确的概念：包括名词、动词、形容词、副词和数词(2)功能词(Functional words) Include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles包括介词、连词、辅助词、冠词5.本族语词与外来语词：(1)本族语词(Native words)Features：Neutral in style（文体中性） ， Frequent in use （使用频繁）(2)外来语词(Borrowed words/loan words)denizens：同化词（同化词是指早期从其他语言中借来，现今已经被英

14、语同化的词）aliens：非同化词（非同化词是仍保留原来发音和拼写形式的词）translation-loans：译借词（译借词是利用母语现有的词语但在构词模式上模仿了外语而构成的词。 ）semantic-loans：借义词（借义词只借义，不借形。 ）Chapter 2 英语词汇的发展英语词汇的发展（The Development of the English Vocabulary）知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容3/162.1 印欧语系的印欧语系的谱系关系谱系关系 (TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily)1.主要分支：(1)Made up of most of

15、the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧语系包括欧洲近东和印度的大多数语言。2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly inflectedlanguage. 史前的印欧原始语，被认为是典型的内部屈折语。2.2 英语词汇发英语词汇发展的历史回顾展的历史回顾(AHistoricalOverview of theEnglishVocabulary)1.古英语（Old English 450-1150）(1)It brought man

16、yreligious termssuch as abbot, candle, altar, amen, apostle. 带来了许多宗教用语：修道院院长，蜡烛，祭坛，阿门。(2)In the 9th century，Scandinavianorigin：skirt，skill，window，leg，grasp，birth，they，egg.9 世纪时，挪威人和丹麦维京人入侵英国，将大量的斯堪的纳维亚词汇带入英国。2.中古英语（Middle English 1150-1500）(1) The Norman Conquest：a continual flow of words into Engli

17、sh； English，Latin andFrench existed side by side. 诺曼征服开始持续把法语词汇转换成英语。英语、 拉丁语和法语一直并存长达一个多世纪。(2)Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.如果说古英语尽是词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾已去了一半。3. 现代英语（Modern English 1500-up to now）(1) With the growth of colonization, English absorbs w

18、ords from major languages of theworld.殖民主义的发展使英语吸收了世界各大语言的词汇。(2) English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.英语已经从综合语言发展到现在的分析语言。2.3 词汇发展趋词汇发展趋势势(当代英语词汇当代英语词汇的发展的发展 (Growthof Present-dayEnglishVocabulary)1. Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscience and technology现代科学技术的迅猛

19、发展例 如 ： green revolution ； moon walk ；retrovirus；astrobiology；smart bomb2. Social, economic and political changes社会、经济和政治变化例如： fast food； disco； talk shows； Watergate；telequiz3. The influence of other cultures andlanguages其他文化和语言的影响例如： stir frying； Mao jacket； kungfu； blackbelt；dojo2.4 词汇发展方词汇发展方式式

20、(Modes ofVocabularyDevelopment)创词(Creation)1. The formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes andother elements is called creation in modem English vocabulary development. 在现代英语词汇发展中，利用已有的词根、词缀等元素构成新词被称为创词。2. Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansio

21、n. 创词是词汇扩展的最重要的方式。旧词新义(semantic change)1.An old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. 旧词新义是指赋予旧4/16有词汇新的含义以满足新的需要。借词(Borrowing)1.A vital role in the development of vocabulary in earlier times. 借词在词汇的发展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。Chapter 3 构词法一（构词法一（Word Formation ）知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容3.1 词素词素（

22、Morphemes）1.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.词素是构词中最小的功能单位。collect-ion（2 个词素） ；ideal-ist-ic（3 个词素） ；prison-er（2 个词素）denaturalization 可以划分为 de-，nature，-al，-ize，-ation 五个部分3.2 词素变体词素变体（Allomorphs）1. 含义：Themorphemeswhich are realized by more than one morph according to their po

23、sitionin a word are known as allomorphs.词素变体：有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可以由一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素。2. monomorphemic words 单语素词指的是这些词与词素一致，在句子中可以独立起作用。whiten 有后缀-en， hated 有后缀-ed，trying 有后缀-ing。常见的单语素词还有 bird、 tree、 sad、want、desire 等等。3. 名词复数-s 在/t,p,k/音之后发/s/的音：cats 中是/s/, bags 中是/z/,matches 中是/iz/。3.3 词素的分类词素的分类(

24、Types ofMorphemes)1.自由词素(Free Morphemes)(1)Independent of other morphemes. They have complete meanings in themselves and can beused as free grammatical units in sentences. 本身有完整意思，可以自由独立使用。2.粘附词素(Bound Morphemes)(1)Morphemes cannot occur as separate words are bound to other morphemes to form words.

25、不能作为单独的词，必须与其他语素结合而形成词。(2)Bound Morphemes：粘附词根(Bound root) Eg: -ced-,-dict- ；词缀(Affixes)(3)Affix are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.词缀是附在词或词元素上以修饰意义或功能的形式。3.屈折词缀(Inflectional affixes)：-(e)s, -(e)d, -ing, -er, -est, -s.4.派生词缀(Derivational affixes)：affi

26、xes added to other morphemes to create new words.prefixes and suffixes（前缀和后缀）pre-，-ward.worker3.4 词根与词干词根与词干（Root andStem）1.词根(Root)A root is thebasic formof a word whichcannot be further analyzedwithout total loss ofidentity. 词根是指自己可以独立存在的不能再分割的最小语义单位。Eg：nation2.词干(Stem)A stem can be defined as a f

27、orm to whichaffixes of any kindcan be added. 词干可以定义为任何词缀都可以添加的一个形式。 （national, international, internationalist）5/16Chapter 4 构词法二（构词法二（Word Formation ）知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容4.1 词缀法词缀法(Affixation)：产生：产生的词占新词的的词占新词的 30%to 40%Affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.根据词缀在词中的位置，又可

28、分为前缀法和后缀法。1.前缀法(Prefixation)(1)Negative 否定a-， dis-，in-(il-,ir-,im-)，non-，un-(2)Reversative 逆向de-，dis- ，un-(3)Pejorative 贬义mal-，mis-，pseudo-(4)Degree ， size程度、大小arch-, extra-, hyper- macro-, micro-, mini-, out-,over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under-(5)Locative 方位extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele

29、-, trans-(6)Time， order时间、顺序ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-(7)Number 数字bi-, multi-(poly-), semi-(hemi-), tri-, uni-(mono-)(8)Attitude 倾向， 态度pro-2.后缀法(Suffixation)(1)Noun suffixes 名词后缀-er，-hood，-er（or） ，-tion，-ness，-ist(2)Adjectivesuffixes 形容 词后缀-al，-ic，-ed，-ful，-ious，-able(3)Adverbsuffixes形容词后缀-ly4.2 复

30、合构词法复合构词法(Compounding) ：产生的词占新词产生的词占新词的的28% to 30%Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two ormore stems.复合词是将两个或多个词干连接起来从而形成的新单词。1. 复合词的特征(Characteristics of Compounds)(1)Compounds differ from free phrases in phonetic features, semantic features andgrammatic

31、al features. 复合词在语音特征、语义特征和语法特征与自由短语有区别。(2)Semantic features：A green hand means an “inexperienced person”（没有经验的人）.(3)Grammatical features：Bad-mouth（诽谤，恶意攻击）2. 复合词的构成 (Formation of Compounds)(1)名词复合词(Noun compounds)：brainstorming、washing machine、downfall、moonwalk，outbreak、up-bringing(2)形容词复合词 (Adject

32、ive compounds)：easy-going(3)动词复合词(Verb compounds)：nickname、forget-me-not，downfall4.3 转类法转类法(Conversion) 26%1.The formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.通过把一个类别的单词转换成另一个类别来形成新词。6/164.4 拼缀法拼缀法(Blending)1.The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a

33、word plus a part ofanother word.由两个词的部分或一个单词加上另一个单词的一部分组合而成的新单词。(e.g. SmogMotel)4.5 截短法截短法(Clipping)1.To shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remainsinstead. 缩短一个较长的单词通过切断一部分，并使用剩余的。4.6 首字母拼音法首字母拼音法(Acronymy)1. The process of forming new words by joining the initia

34、l letters of names of social andpolitical organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. 社会和政治组织名称的首字母或术语而形成新词。2. Initialisms 首字母缩略词 : TV, B.C. (Before Christ)，C.O.D. (cash on delivery)4.7 逆生法逆生法(Back-formation)1.The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 通过删除假定的后缀来创

35、建单词的方法。特色：由逆生法构成的词多半是动词。4.8 专有名词转化专有名词转化而来的普通名词而来的普通名词(Words fromProper Names)Champagne （地名演变来香槟） sandwich（三明治）Chapter 5 词义词义 (Word Meaning)知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容5.1 “意义意义”的意的意义（义（TheMeaning ofMeaning）词的含义：Aword is the combination of form and meaning. 词是形式和意义的结合体。1.所指(Reference)The relationship betwee

36、n language and the world. 语言与世界的关系2. 概念(Concept)The result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in thehuman mind. 人类头脑中的客观世界 （many 和 much）3.意义(Sense)The sense of an expression is not a thing, so it is difficult to say whatsort of identity it is. For example, and, if, yes dont refer to

37、anything inthe world, but all have meanings. 一个表达法的语义并不是一个事物，所以语义究竟是什么就很难说清了。5.2 词义的理据词义的理据(Motivation)Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的关联。1.拟声理据(OnomatopoeicMotivation)(1).Onomatopoeic motivation accounts for the connection betwee

38、n soundof a word and its meaning, that is, the sound of a word suggests itsmeaning. 拟声理据解释了一个单词的发音与它的意义之间的联系，也7/16就是说，一个单词的发音暗示了它的意思。(2).The nature sounds or noises这个词是模仿自然的声音或噪音： Crow，quack，trumpet，buzz，croak（咕咕声） ，bang2.形态理据(MorphologicalMotivation)(1).airmail means to “mail by air” ； reading-lamp

39、 is “the lamp forreading”；miniskirt is “a small skirt”；hopeless means without hope(2).Black market：illegal selling and buying；greenhorn：a newcomer3.语义理据（SemanticMotivation）(1).It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurativesense of the word. 字面意义和比喻意义之间的联系。(2).foot of the mountai

40、n4.词源理据（EtymologicalMotivation）(1).The meaning of a particular word is related to its origin. 一个特定单词的意思与它的起源有关。(2).The word “laconic” meaning “brief” or “short” is derived fromLacons, a tribe of people. “a laconic answer” is a short answer. “简洁”一词的意思是简短或简短，源于拉康族，简洁的答案。5.3 词义的类别词义的类别(Types ofMeaning)

41、The word meaning is made up of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.意义和语法意义构成的。1.语法意义(Grammatical Meaning)(1)The meaning of the word which indicates grammatical conceptor relationships. 表示语法概念或关系的词的意思。 （(词性，单复数，时态，词形变化）Tables, men and potatoes2.词汇意义(Lexical Meaning)(1)Lexical meaning is constant

42、in all the content words within orwithout context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys.词汇意义在所有内容词中都是不变的， 它与单词所传达的概念有关。3.概念意义(Conceptual Meaning)(1)The meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.字典中会收录的含义。Constant and relatively stable4.联想意义(Associative Meaning)

43、Associative meaning is open-ended and indeterminate.(1)内涵意义(Connotative)East or west, home is best.home：family, safety, love(2) 文 体 意 义 (Stylistic) formal （ 正 式 ） , inform （ 非 正式）,literary,archaic(3)感情意义(Affective) :the speakers attitude towards the personor thing in questions.appreciative（褒义词） ：wor

44、k hard（努力工作）pejorative（贬义词） ：ambition（野心）greed（贪婪）notorious（臭名昭著）(4)搭配意义(Collocative)Pretty woman；Handsome boy8/16Chapter 6 语义关系与语义场语义关系与语义场（Sense Relations and Semantic Field）知识点名称知识点名称知识点内容知识点内容6.1 多义关系多义关系(Polysemy)Common feature peculiar to all natural languages.多义关系是所有自然语言都具有的共同特征。在现代英语中，绝大多数词是

45、多义词。1.多义关系的两种研究方法 (TwoApproaches toPolysemy)(1)历时方法(Diachronic approach)1)The result of growth and development of the semantic structure ofone and same world. 一个世界和同一个世界的语义结构成长和发展的结果。2)The word was created, it was monosemic. This first meaning is theprimary meaning. 词首次被创造出来时，它总是单义的。是主要的意思。(2)共时方法(S

46、ynchronic approach)1)Polysemy is viewed various meanings of the same word in acertain historical period of time. 多义词是指同一词在一定历史时期内的各种意义。2)Synchronically the basic meaning of a word is the core ofword-meaning called the central meaning；the derived meanings, nomatter how many, are secondary in comparis

47、on. 词的基本意义是词义的核心，称为中心意义；派生意义，无论有多少，都是次要的。2.多义关系发展的两种模式（TwoProcesses ofDevelopment）(1)辐射型(Radiation)1)Semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in everydirection like rays.主要意义处于中心位置，次要意义在各个方向进行。(2)连锁型(Concatenation)1)Concatenation

48、describes a process where each of the later meaningis related only to the preceding one like chains.每一个后面的意义都只与前面的一个相关，就像链一样。6.2 同形同音异同形同音异义关系义关系(Homonymy)1.完全同音同形异义词(Perfect homonyms)Words identical both in sound and spelling, but different inmeaning. 单词的发音和拼写相同，意思不同。bow 弓和弯腰2.同形异义词 (Homographs)Wor

49、ds that are identical only in spelling but different insound and meaning.单词拼写相同，发音和意思不同。3.同音异义词 (Homophones)(1)Words identical in sound but different in spelling andmeaning. 单词发音相同，拼写和意思不同。(2)“Dear” and “deer”“right” and “write”9/166.3 同义关系同义关系(Synonymy)1.Words different in sound and spelling but mo

50、st nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.发音和拼写上不同，但在意思上几乎相同或完全相同。2.The major sources of English synonyms are borrowing, dialects and regional English,figurative and euphemistic use of words, and coincidence with idiomatic expressions.来源来源：借入、方言和区域英语、比喻和委婉的用词，习语表达的巧合。3.绝对同义词(Absolute synonyms)(